Methods for increasing grain productivity

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to methods for increasing plant yield, and in particular grain yield by reducing or abolishing the expression and/or activity of OTUB1 in a plant. Also described are genetically altered plants characterised by the above phenotype and methods of producing such plants.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED VIA EFS-WEB

The content of the ASCII text file of the sequence listing named “15D7105.txt” which is 272 kb in size was created on Nov. 21, 2019 and electronically submitted via EFS-Web on Nov. 25, 2019 during the filing of this application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is the U.S. National phase application corresponding to PCT/GB2018/051414 which was assigned an international filing date of May 24, 2018 and associated with publication WO 2018/215779 A1 and which claims priority to PCT/CN2017/085986 filed on May 25, 2017, the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to methods for increasing plant yield, and in particular grain yield by reducing the expression and/or activity of OTUB1 and consequently modifying the levels of at least one SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SBP-domain) transcription factor in a plant. Also described are genetically altered plants characterised by the above phenotype and methods of producing such plants.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Rice is an important food consumed by the world population. Rice grain size and shape are key agronomic traits determining grain yield and grain appearance. In rice, grain length, width and thickness are associated with grain size and shape. Several important genes that influence grain size and shape have been characterized in rice (Fan et al., 2006, Song et al., 2007, Shomura et al., 2008, Weng et al., 2008, Che et al., 2015, Duan et al., 2015, Hu et al., 2015, Wang et al., 2015 and Si et al., 2016), but the molecular mechanisms that determine grain size and shape are still limited.

Several factors that affect cell proliferation determine grain size in rice. For example, loss-of-function of GRAIN SIZE 3 (GS3) results in long grains as a result of increased cell number (Fan et al., 2006, Mao et al., 2010). GS3 encodes a putative G protein y subunit. Similarly, a putative protein phosphatase (OsPPKL1) encoded by GL3.1/qGL3 restricts cell proliferation, and its loss-of-function mutant exhibits long grains (Hu et al., 2012, Qi et al., 2012, Zhang et al., 2012). By contrast, the putative serine carboxypeptidase encoded by GS5 and the transcriptional factor OsSPL16 mainly promote grain growth by influencing cell number (Li et al., 2011b, Wang et al., 2012). The OsMKK4-OsMPK6 module influences grain growth by increasing cell number (Duan et al., 2014, Liu et al., 2015). The cell expansion process also plays a crucial role in determining grain size. High expression of the transcription factor SPL13 causes long grains as a result of long cells (Si et al., 2016). The Growth-Regulating Factor 4 (OsGRF4) encoded by GS2 associates with transcriptional coactivators (OsGIF1/2/3) to increase grain size predominantly by influencing cell size (Che et al., 2015, Duan et al., 2015, Hu et al., 2015, Li et al., 2016, Sun et al., 2016). These studies suggest that the transcriptional regulation is important for grain growth in rice. High expression of GW7/GL7/SLG7, which is likely involved in the organization of microtubules, causes long grains as a result of longer cells and/or more cells (Wang et al., 2015a, Wang et al., 2015b, Zhou et al., 2015). Thus, cell proliferation and cell expansion processes coordinately influence grain size in rice.

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is crucial for seed growth in rice and other plant species (Li and Li, 2014, Li and Li, 2016). Ubiquitin can be added to target proteins by ubiquitination. The deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), such as otubain protease, ubiquitin-specific protease, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase, Josephins and JAMMs, can cleave off ubiquitin from ubiquitinated proteins (Nijman et al., 2005). In rice, the functionally-unknown protein encoded by qSW5/GW5 has been suggested to be involved in the ubiquitin pathway, and the disruption of qSW5 results in wide grains (Shomura et al., 2008, Weng et al., 2008). It should be noted that a previously unrecognized gene GSES in the qSW5/GW5 locus has been recently reported to restrict grain width (Duan et al., 2017). GSES encodes a plasma membrane-associated protein with IQ domains, and low expression of GSES in some indica varieties and most japonica varieties causes wide grains (Duan et al., 2017). The RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase encoded by GW2 limits grain growth, and its loss-of-function mutant has wide grains (Song et al., 2007). Similarly, its Arabidopsis homolog DA2 restricts seed growth through maternal integuments (Xia et al., 2013). DA2 and another E3 ubiquitin ligase BB/EOD1 physically interact with the ubiquitin receptor DA1 to repress seed and organ growth (Li et al., 2008, Xia et al., 2013). DA1 also possesses the peptidase activity that can cleave the ubiquitin-specific protease (UBP15/SOD2) (Du et al., 2014, Dong et al., 2017). Thus, modification of proteins by ubiquitin is essential for seed size determination in plants.

Rice feeds more than half the world's population. Despite the major strides in grain yield delivered by the exploitation of semi-dwarfism and utility of heterosis¹⁻³, increasing rice yield potential over that of existing elite cultivars is a major challenge for breeders⁴. Towards breaking the yield ceiling of current rice varieties, the ideotype approach has been proposed and used in rice breeding programs⁴⁻⁷. Since the early 1990s, a number of the “new plant type” (NPT) rice varieties have been bred at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI); the architecture of these plants differs from that of conventional varieties: they form larger panicles, fewer sterile tillers and stronger culms. Although several NPT rice strains have been commercially released^(6, 7), the genetic basis of their phenotype was as yet explained only at the level of quantitative trait loci (QTL)⁸. We have found that NPT1 encodes the OTUB1 gene, an otubain-like protease with deubiquitination activity.

Independently, and to further elucidate the mechanisms of grain size and shape determination, we have identified several rice grain size mutants (Duan et al., 2014, Fang et al., 2016). We have now characterized a wide and thick grain 1 (wtg1-1) mutant that produces wide, thick, short and heavy grains. WTG1 encodes OTUB1, the same gene as present at the rice NPT locus. Overexpression of WTG1 causes narrow, thin and long grains. Thus, our findings define the otubain-like protease WTG1 as an important factor that determines grain size and shape, as well as other important agronomic traits including overall crop yield.

There therefore exists a need to increase grain yield in commercially valuable crops such as rice. The present invention addresses this need.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

We have surprisingly identified that the OTUB1 gene (also known as and referred to herein in as “NPT1”, “DEP5” and “WTG1”; such terms can be used interchangeably) underpins a grain yield quantitative trait. In particular, we have identified that down-regulating or abolishing the expression or deubiquitinase activity of this protein enhances meristematic activity, increases grain number per panicle, enhances grain weight and width and importantly, increases grain yield.

In one aspect, there is provided a method of increasing grain yield in a plant, the method comprising reducing the expression of at least one nucleic acid encoding an otubain-like protease (OTUB1) and/or reducing the activity of an otubain-like protease. Preferably, said increase in grain yield comprises an increase in at least one of grain number, grain number per panicle, grain weight, grain width, grain thickness and/or thousand kernel weight.

The method may comprise introducing at least one mutation into at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding an OTUB1 polypeptide and/or the promoter of the OTUB1 polypeptide. The mutation may be a loss of function or a partial-loss of function mutation, and/or an insertion, deletion and/or substitution. Preferably, the mutation is then any mutation that can reduce the expression or activity of OTUB1.

Where the method comprises introducing a mutation, the mutation may be introduced using targeted genome modification, preferably ZFNs, TALENs or CRISPR/Cas9. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, the mutation may be introduced using mutagenesis, preferably TILLING or T-DNA insertion.

In other embodiments, the method may comprise using RNA interference to reduce or abolish the expression of an OTUB1 nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, said increase in yield is relative to a wild-type or control plant.

In certain embodiments, the mutation reduces or abolishes the deubiquitinase activity of OTUB1.

Also provided by the invention is a genetically altered plant, part thereof or plant cell, wherein said plant comprises at least one mutation in at least one nucleic acid encoding a OTUB1 polypeptide and/or the OTUB1 promoter.

The plant may be characterised by a reduction or the absence of expression of the OTUB1 polypeptide. Alternatively, or in addition, said plant may be characterised by a reduction or absence of OTUB1 deubiquitinase activity.

In certain embodiments, said plant is characterised by an increase in grain yield, preferably when said plant is compared to a control or wild-type plant. Said increase in grain yield may comprise an increase in at least one of grain number, grain number per panicle, grain weight, grain width, grain thickness, thousand kernel weight and/or a decrease in grain length.

In certain embodiments, said mutation is a loss or partial loss of function mutation. Preferably said mutation is an insertion, deletion and/or substitution. Preferably, the mutation is then any mutation that can reduce the expression or activity of OTUB1.

In certain embodiments, the mutation may be introduced using targeted genome modification, preferably ZFNs, TALENs or CRISPR/Cas9. Alternatively, the mutation may be introduced using mutagenesis, preferably TILLING or T-DNA insertion.

In certain embodiments, the plant comprises an RNA interference construct that reduces the expression of an OTUB1 polypeptide. In one example, the RNA interference construct comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 210 or a variant thereof, as defined herein.

The plant part is preferably grain or a seed.

Also provided by the present invention is a method of producing a plant with increased grain yield, the method comprising introducing at least one mutation into at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding an OTUB1 polypeptide and/or the promoter of the OTUB1 polypeptide. The mutation may be a loss or partial loss of function mutation, and is preferably an insertion, deletion and/or substitution. Preferably, the mutation is then any mutation that can reduce the expression or activity of OTUB1.

In certain embodiments, the mutation is introduced using targeted genome modification, preferably ZFNs, TALENs or CRISPR/Cas9. Alternatively, the mutation is introduced using mutagenesis, preferably TILLING or T-DNA insertion.

Also provided by the present invention is a method of producing a plant with increased grain yield, the method comprising introducing and expressing in said plant an RNA interference construct that reduces or abolishes the expression of an OTUB1 nucleic acid. In one example, the RNA interference construct comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 210 or a variant thereof, as defined herein.

Methods of the invention may further comprise measuring an increase in at least one of grain yield, wherein said measurement comprises measuring an increase in at least one of grain number, grain number per panicle, grain weight, grain width, grain thickness, thousand kernel weight and/or a decrease in grain length. Preferably said increase is compared to a control or wild-type plant.

Methods of the invention may further comprise measuring a reduction or absence in the expression of an OTUB1 nucleic acid and/or measuring a reduction or absence in activity, preferably deubiquitinase activity, of an OTUB1 polypeptide.

Methods of the invention may further comprise regenerating a plant and screening for an increase in grain yield.

The invention further provides a plant, plant part or plant cell obtained or obtainable by any one or more of the methods described above.

Further provided is a method for identifying and/or selecting a plant that will have increased grain yield, preferably compared to a wild-type or control plant, the method comprising detecting in the plant or plant germplasm at least one polymorphism in the OTUB1 gene and/or OTUB1 promoter and selecting said plant or progeny thereof. The polymorphism may be an insertion, deletion and/or substitution. The method may further comprise introgressing the chromosomal region comprising at least one polymorphism in the OTUB1 gene and/or OTUB1 promoter into a second plant or plant germplasm to produce an introgressed plant or plant germplasm.

In one embodiment of any of the above-described aspects, the OTUB1 polypeptide may comprise or consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a functional homologue or variant thereof. In another embodiment, the OTUB1 nucleic acid comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes SEQ ID NO: 1. In a preferred embodiment, the OTUB1 nucleic acid comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 2 to 5 or a functional variant or homologue thereof. In one example, the homologue may have a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an OTUB1 polypeptide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 14 to 20 or a functional variant thereof, as defined herein. Preferably, the OTUB1 homologue nucleic acid sequence is selected from one of SEQ ID NO: 7 to 13, or a functional variant thereof, as defined herein.

In other embodiments of any of the above-described aspects, the nucleic acid sequence of the OTUB1 promoter may comprise or consist of SEQ ID NO: 6 or a functional variant or homologue thereof. In one embodiment, the homologue is selected from SEQ ID NO: 21 to 27 or a functional variant thereof, as defined herein.

The plant is preferably selected from rice, wheat, maize, soybean, sorghum, brassica and barley. In one example, the plant is rice. In another example, the plant is wheat. In a further example the plant is maize.

Still further provided by the invention is a nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one DNA-binding domain that can bind to at least one target sequence in the OTUB1 gene and/or promoter. In one example, the sequence of the DNA-binding domain is selected from SEQ ID NO: 28, 34, 38, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 106, 110, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 138, 142 and 146 or a sequence that is at least 90% identical to one of SEQ ID NO: 28, 34, 38, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 106, 110, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 138, 142 and 146.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises at least one protospacer element, wherein the protospacer element comprises the DNA-binding domain. In one embodiment, the sequence of the protospacer element is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 29, 35, 39, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 58, 61, 64, 67, 70, 73, 76, 82, 85, 88, 91, 94, 97, 100, 103, 107, 111, 115, 119, 123, 127, 131, 135, 139, 143 and 147 or a sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NOs: 29, 35, 39, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 58, 61, 64, 67, 70, 73, 76, 82, 85, 88, 91, 94, 97, 100, 103, 107, 111, 115, 119, 123, 127, 131, 135, 139, 143 and 147.

The construct may further comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) sequence, wherein said crRNA sequence comprises the protospacer element sequence and additional nucleotides. The construct may further comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transactivating RNA (tracrRNA). In one embodiment, the tracrRNA comprises of consists of SEQ ID NO: 30 or a functional variant thereof.

In another embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one single-guide RNA (sgRNA), wherein said sgRNA comprises the tracrRNA sequence and the crRNA sequence or protospacer sequence. In one embodiment, the sequence of the sgRNA comprises or consists of a sequence selected from 31, 36, 40, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 74, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89, 92, 95, 98, 101, 104, 108, 112, 116, 120, 124, 128, 132, 136, 140, 144 and 148 or a sequence that is at least 90% identical to 31, 36, 40, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 74, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89, 92, 95, 98, 101, 104, 108, 112, 116, 120, 124, 128, 132, 136, 140, 144 and 148.

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising at least one nucleic acid encoding a sgRNA molecule, wherein the sgRNA molecule binds to a target sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 28, 34, 38, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 106, 110, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 138, 142 and 146 or a variant thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the sequence of the sgRNA nucleic acid is selected from 31, 36, 40, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 74, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89, 92, 95, 98, 101, 104, 108, 112, 116, 120, 124, 128, 132, 136, 140, 144 and 148 or a variant thereof.

In one example, the sequence of the nucleic acid construct is selected from SEQ ID NO: 33, 37, 41, 105, 109, 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 137, 141, 145 and 149 or a variant thereof, wherein said variant has at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least 90% and most preferably at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 33, 37, 41, 105, 109, 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 137, 141, 145 and 149.

In certain embodiments, the construct may be operably linked to a promoter; preferably a constitutive promoter.

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme. In one example, the CRISPR enzyme may be a Cas protein; preferably Cas9 or a functional variant thereof.

In an alternative embodiment, the nucleic acid construct encodes a TAL effector. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one DNA-binding domain that can bind to at least one target sequence in the OTUB1 gene and/or promoter. In one example, the sequence of the DNA-binding domain is selected from SEQ ID NO: 28, 34, 38, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 106, 110, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 138, 142 and 146 or a sequence that is at least 90% identical to one of SEQ ID NO: 28, 34, 38, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 106, 110, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 138, 142 and 146, and further comprises a sequence encoding an endonuclease or DNA-cleavage domain thereof. The endonuclease may be FokI.

In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a single guide (sg) RNA molecule wherein said sgRNA comprises a crRNA sequence and a tracrRNA sequence, wherein the sgRNA sequence can bind to at least one sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 28, 34, 38, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 106, 110, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 138, 142 and 146 or a or a sequence that is at least 90% identical to one of SEQ ID NO: 28, 34, 38, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 106, 110, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 138, 142 and 146.

Also provided is an isolated plant cell transfected with at least one nucleic acid construct as defined herein; or an isolated plant cell transfected with at least one nucleic acid construct as defined herein and a second nucleic acid construct, wherein said second nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cas protein, preferably a Cas9 protein or a functional variant thereof. The second nucleic acid construct may be transfected before, after or concurrently with the nucleic acid construct as defined herein. In another aspect of the invention, there is provided an isolated plant cell transfected with the sgRNA molecule as defined above.

Also provided is a genetically modified plant, wherein said plant comprises the transfected cell as defined herein. The nucleic acid encoding the sgRNA and/or the nucleic acid encoding a Cas protein may be integrated in a stable form.

The invention yet further provides a method of increasing grain yield in a plant, the method comprising introducing and expressing in a plant the nucleic acid construct or sgRNA molecule as described herein, wherein preferably said increase is relative to a control or wild-type plant. Also provided is a plant obtained or obtainable by this method.

The invention further provides a method for obtaining the genetically modified plant as defined herein, the method comprising:

-   -   a) selecting a part of the plant;     -   b) transfecting at least one cell of the part of the plant of         paragraph (a) with the nucleic acid construct or sgRNA as         defined herein;     -   c) regenerating at least one plant derived from the transfected         cell or cells;     -   d) selecting one or more plants obtained according to         paragraph (c) that show reduced expression of at least one OTUB1         nucleic acid in said plant.

In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of modifying, preferably increasing the levels of at least one SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SBP-domain) transcription factor, the method comprising increasing the expression or activity of UBC13 or decreasing or abolishing the expression or activity of OTUB1, as described herein.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The invention is further described in the following non-limiting figures:

FIG. 1 shows the positional cloning of qNPT1. (a) Mature plant appearance. The RIL52 was a selection from the cross Chunjiang06 (CJ06)×IR66167-27-5-1-6. Scale bar: 20 cm. (b) Panicle morphology. Scale bar: 5 cm. (c-e) Comparison of RIL52 with its parents with respect to (c) grain number, (d) tiller number and (e) culm diameter. Data shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=30). The presence of the same lowercase letter denotes a non-significant difference between means (P<0.05). (f), QTL mapping for grain number, tiller number and culm diameter. (g) Positional cloning of qNPT1. The locus was mapped to a ˜4.1 Kbp genomic region flanked by P139 and P143. The numbers below the lines indicate the number of recombinants between qNPT1 and an adjacent marker shown. The candidate gene was predicted to generate two alternative transcripts. (h) Sequence variants at the NPT1 locus in both the promoter and coding regions shown in g.

FIG. 2 shows the abundance of OsOTUB1 transcript is associated with panicle branching and grain yield. (a) Levels of OsOTUB1 transcript present in organs of the NIL plants. R: root; C: culm; LB: leaf blade; LS: leaf sheath; SAM: shoot apical meristem; YP0.2, YP6, YP12: young panicles, of mean length, respectively, 0.2 cm, 6 cm and 12 cm. Relative expression levels were expressed as the relative copies per 1,000 copies of rice Actin1. Data shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=3). (b) Plant morphology. Scale bar: 20 cm. (c) Panicle morphology. Scale bar: 5 cm. (d) Grain morphology. Scale bar: 2 mm. (e-j) A quantitative comparison of the two NILs. (e) Heading date. (f) Plant height. (g) The number of tillers per plant. (h) The number of secondary branches per panicle. (i) The number of grains per panicle. (j) 1,000 grain weight. (k) The image of the shoot apical meristem. Scale bar: 50 μm. (l), Scanning electron microscope image of culm. Scale bar: 25 μm. (m) Culm vascular system. (n) Total number of big and small vascular bundles shown in m. (o) The overall grain yield per plant. Data shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=288). All phenotypic data were measured from the paddy-grown plants under normal cultivation conditions. A Student's t-test was used to generate the P values.

FIG. 3 shows the OsOTUB1-OsSPL14 interaction controls plant architecture. (a) BiFC assays. The N-terminus of YFP-tagged OsSPL14, SBP-domain or a deleted version of OsSPL14 was co-transformed into rice protoplasts along with the C-terminus of YFP-tagged OsOTUB1.1. Panels (from left to right): DAPI staining, YFP signal, differential interference contrast, merged channel. Scale bar: 10 μm. (b) Co-immunoprecipitation of OsOTUB1.1-GFP and OsSPL14. IB, Immunoblot; IP, immunoprecipitation. (c) Plant morphology. Scale bar: 20 cm. (d) Panicle morphology. Scale bar: 5 cm. (e) OsSPL14 transcript abundance. Transcription relative to the level of the ZH11 plants set to be one. Data shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=3). (f) The number of tillers per plant. (g) The number of grains per panicle. (h) Culm diameter. All phenotypic data were measured from the field-grown plants under normal cultivation conditions. Data in f-h shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=120). The presence of the same lowercase letter denotes a non-significant difference between means (P<0.05).

FIG. 4 shows that OsOTUB1 promotes the degradation of OsSPL14. (a) The accumulation of OsSPL14 in ZH11 and ZH11-npt1 plants. The abundance of HSP90 protein was used as the loading control. (b) Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 stabilizes OsSPL14. Total proteins were extracted from young panicles (<0.2 cm in length) of ZH11 plants exposed to either 0 or 50 μM MG132. The immunoblot was probed with either anti-OsSPL14 or anti-HSP90 antibodies. (c) OsOTUB1 destabilizes OsSPL14. The lysates from young panicles of ZH11 and ZH11-npt1 plants were co-incubated with GST-OsSPL14 in the presence or absence of His-OsOTUB1. The lysates were harvested at various times and immunoblotted to assess the accumulation of OsSPL14 and HSP90. (d) Ubiquitination of OsSPL14. The protein extracts from young panicles were immunoprecipitated using an anti-Myc antibody, then analyzed using either anti-ubiquitin, anti-K48 ubiquitin or anti-K63 ubiquitin chain conjugates. (e) Flag-OsSPL14 can be modified with K48-ubiquitin linkage. The rice protoplasts were co-transfected with Flag-OsSPL14 and HA-ubiquitin (either HA-tagged WT or K48R ubiquitins), and the ubiquitinated forms of Flag-OsSPL14 were immunoprecipitated using an anti-Flag antibody and then analyzed using an anti-HA antibody. (f) K63-linked ubiquitination of OsSPL14 was regulated by OsOTUB1. The rice protoplasts were co-transfected with Flag-OsSPL14 and HA-ubiquitin (either HA-tagged WT, K48R, K63R, K48O or K63O ubiquitins) in the presence or absence of Myc-OsOTUB1, lysates were harvested and immunoblotted to assess the accumulation of OsSPL14, and analyzed ubiquitinated forms of Flag-OsSPL14 as described in e.

FIG. 5 shows a phylogenic analysis. The human OTUB 1 sequence and its orthologs in mouse (MmOTUB 1), Arabidopsis thaliana (AtOTUB 1), soybean (GmOTUB 1), maize (ZmOTUB 1), sorghum (SbOTUB 1), barley (HvOTUB 1), wild einkorn wheat (TuOTUB 1) and rice (OsOTUB 1) were obtained from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. The numbers on the right indicate the position of the residues within each protein. Identical residues indicated by dark shading, conserved ones by light shading and variables ones by no shading.

FIG. 6 shows the effect of functional OsOTUB1 on plant architecture and grain yield. (a) Mature plant morphology. Scale bar: 20 cm. (b) Loss-of-function mutations of OsOTUB1 generated by CRISPR/Cas9. (c) Heading date. (d) Plant height. (e) Diameter of the uppermost internode. (f) The number of tillers per plant. (g) Panicle length. (h) The number of primary branches per panicle. (i), The number of secondary branches per panicle. (j) The number of grains per panicle. (k) 1,000-grain weight. (l) The overall grain yield per plant. Data shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=288). All phenotypic data were measured from the paddy-grown plants under normal cultivation conditions. The presence of the same lowercase letter denotes a non-significant difference between means (P<0.05).

FIG. 7 shows an analysis of pOsOTUB1::GUS expression. (a) GUS expression in five day old seedlings. Scale bar: 1 cm. (b) The root tips of plants shown in a. Scale bar: 200 μm. (c) Cross-section of the GUS-stained root elongation zone shown in a. Scale bar: 200 μm. (d) Cross-section of the culm. Scale bar: 100 μm. (e) Various stages of the panicle development. Scale bar: 1 cm. (f) Spikelet hull before fertilization. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 8 shows the subcellular localization of OsOTUB1.1-GFP. (a) Expression of OsOTUB1-GFP in the root elongation zone. Scale bar: 20 μm. (b) GFP expression in protoplasts isolated form the leaf sheath of ZH11 plants over-expressing OsOTUB1.1-GFP. Scale bar: 10 μm. Panels (from left to right): GFP signal, differential interference contrast (DIC), merged channel.

FIG. 9 shows the phenotype of ZH11 plants overexpressing OsOTUB1.1. (a) Two independent transgenic lines showed a reduced tiller number and dwarfism. Scale bar: 10 cm. (b) Panicle size was reduced. Scale bar: 5 cm. (c) Leaves suffered from necrosis. Scale bar: 3 mm. (d) Apoptosis was induced in the flag leaf, as assayed by Evans Blue staining. Scale bar: 3 mm. (e) Abundance of OsOTUB1.1 transcript in the young panicle. Transcription relative to the level of the ZH11 plants set to be one. Data shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=3). (f) Plant height. (g) Number of tillers per plant. (h) Number of grains per panicle. Data shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=60). All phenotypic data were measured from the paddy-grown rice plants under normal cultivation conditions. The presence of the same lowercase letter denotes a non-significant difference between means (P<0.05, panels f to h).

FIG. 10 shows OsOTUB1 displayed cleavage activity for K48- and K63-linked ubiquitin tetramers. Cleavage activity for K48- and K63-linked ubiquitin tetramers (Tetra-ub) were analyzed using OTUB1, His-OsOTUB1.1 or OsOTUB1.2. The inputs (Ub₄) and their cleavage products [trimers (Ub₃), dimers (Ub₂) and monomers (Ub₁)] were labeled on the left. The products were visualized by western blotting using an anti-ubiquitin antibody.

FIG. 11 shows the effect of expressing human OTUB1 or its orthologs on the plant architecture of ZH11-npt1. (a) Plant morphology. Scale bar: 20 cm. (b) Panicle morphology. Scale bar: 5 cm. (c) The abundance of OTUB1 (or its orthologs) transcript in the young panicles, relative to the level of OsOTUB1 in ZH11-npt1 plants. Data shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=3). (d) Number of tillers per plant. (e) Number of grains per panicle. (f) Diameter of the uppermost internode. Data shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=30). All phenotypic data were measured from the paddy-grown rice plants under normal cultivation conditions. The presence of the same lowercase letter denotes a non-significant difference between means (P<0.05, panels d to f).

FIG. 12 shows the interaction between OsOTUB1 and OsUBC13 regulates plant architecture. (a) Yeast two-hybrid assays. (b) Pull-down assays using recombinant GST-OsOTUB1 and His-OsUBC13. (c) BiFC assays in rice protoplasts. Scale bar: 10 pm. (d) The morphology of the transgenic ZH11 plants. Scale bar: 20 cm. (e) Cross-section of the upmost internodes. Scale bar: Scale bar: 500 μm. (f) The effect of OsUBC13 on panicle branching. Scale bar: 5 cm. (g) Grain size and shape. Scale bar: 2 mm. (h) The abundance of OsOTUB1 transcript in the young panicle, relative to the level in ZH11. Data shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=3). (i), Number of tillers per plant. (j) Number of grains per panicle. (k) 1,000-grain weight. (l) Diameter of the uppermost internode. Data shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=30). All phenotypic data were measured from the paddy-grown rice plants under normal cultivation conditions. The presence of the same lowercase letter denotes a non-significant difference between means (P<0.05, panels i to l).

FIG. 13 shows that the SBP domain is required for the OsSPL14-OsOTUB1 interaction. (a) Yeast two-hybrid assays confirm the interaction between the C-termini of OsOTUB1 and OsSPL14. (b) Schematic representation of the deleted and non-deleted versions of OsSPL14 proteins used for the BiFC assays. (c) BiFC assays. Scale bar: 10 μm.

FIG. 14 shows OsOTUB1 interacts with the rice SPL transcription factors. BiFC assays were performed using rice protoplasts, the C-terminus of YFP-tagged OsOTUB1.1 was co-transformed with the N-terminus of YFP-tagged OsSPLs. Panels (left to right): YFP, differential interference contrast, merged channel. Panels (from left to right): YFP signal, differential interference contrast (DIC), merged channel. Scale bar: 10 μm.

FIG. 15 shows OsOTUB1 and OsSPL14 antagonistically regulate common target genes. (a) The number and overlap of OsSPL14-activated and OsOTUB1-repressed target genes. RNA-seq was performed by using young panicles (<0.2 cm in length) of the NILs plants. (b) The abundance of OsSPL14-regulated gene examined in the young panicle, relative to the level in ZH11. Data shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=3).

FIG. 16 shows the effect of the OsSPL14-OsOTUB1 interaction on the DNA binding affinity of OsSPL14. Competition for OsSPL14-GST protein binding was performed either with 10×, 20× and 50× unlabeled probes containing the GTAC-box motifs from the promoter of the DEP1 gene, or with 1×, 2× and 4× unlabeled Myc-OsOTUB1.1 fusion proteins, respectively.

FIG. 17 shows the primer sequences used for DNA constructs and transcripts analysis.

FIG. 18 shows that WTG1 influences grain size, shape and weight.

(a) Paddy rice grains of Zhonghuajing (ZHJ) and wtg1-1.

(b) Brown rice grains of ZHJ and wtg1-1.

(c) Cross-section of ZHJ and wtg1-1 brown rice grains. The red lines indicate the grain thickness.

(d) ZHJ and wtg1-1 grain length (n≥50).

(e) ZHJ and wtg1-1 grain width (n≥50).

(f) ZHJ and wtg1-1 grain width (n≥50).

(g) 1000-grain weight of ZHJ and wtg1-1. The weights of three sample batches were measured (n=3).

Values in (d-g) are means±SD. **P<0.01 compared with parental line (ZHJ) by Student's t-test.

Bars: 3 mm (a-c).

FIG. 19 shows that WTG1 influences panicle size, panicle shape and grain number per panicle.

(a, b) ZHJ (a) and wtg1-1 (b) plants. Plants grown in the paddy were dug up and placed in pots for the purpose of full plant photography.

(c, d) Flag leaves of ZHJ (c) and wtg1-1 (d).

(e) Panicles of ZHJ (left) and wtg1-1 (right).

(f) Plant height of ZHJ and wtg1-1 (n≥10).

(g, h) Leaf length (g) and width (h) of ZHJ and wtg1-1 (n≥10).

(i) Panicle length of ZHJ and wtg1-1 (n≥10).

(j) Distance between each primary branch and panicle neck (n≥10).

(k, l) The primary panicle branch number (k) and the secondary panicle branch number

(l) (n≥10).

(m) Grain number per panicle (n≥10).

Values in (f-m) are means±SD. **P<0.01 compared with ZHJ by Student's t-test.

Bars: 10 cm (a, b); 1 cm (c, d); 5 cm (e).

FIG. 20 shows that WTG1 encodes an otubain-like protease with deubiquitination activity.

(a) The WTG1 gene. Open boxes show the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. The closed boxes show the coding sequence. The start codon (ATG) and the stop codon (TAG) are indicated. The wtg1-1 contains the 4-bp deletion in the exon-intron junction region of the fourth intron.

(b) The dCAPS1 marker was developed based on the wtg1-1 mutation. The restriction enzyme Hpy188I was used to digest PCR products.

(c) RT-PCR analysis of WTG1 in ZHJ and wtg1-1 panicles. The wtg1-1 mutation resulted in the altered splicing of WTG1.

(d, e) The WTG1 protein (d) and the mutated wtg1-1 protein (e). The WTG1 protein possesses an otubain domain. The mutated wtg1-1 protein has the N-terminal region, a part of otubain domain and a unrelated peptide (green box).

(f) Paddy rice grains of ZHJ, wtg1-1 and gWTG1;wtg1-1. gWTG1;wtg1-1 represents that the genomic sequence of the WTG1 gene was transformed into the wtg1-1 mutant.

(g) Brown rice grains of ZHJ, wtg1-1 and gWTG1;wtg1-1.

(h) Cross-section of ZHJ, wtg1-1 and gWTG1;wtg1-1 brown rice grains. The red lines show the grain thickness.

(i-k) Grain length (i), grain width (j) and grain thickness (k) of ZHJ, wtg1-1 and gWTG1;wtg1-1 (n≥50).

(l) WTG1 has deubiquitination activity in vitro. MBP-WTG1 cleaved His-UBQ10 in vitro, but MBP, MBP-WTG1^(wtg1-1) and MBP-WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R) did not cleave His-UBQ10. Anti-His and anti-MBP antibodies were used to detect His-UBQ, cleaved His-UBQ, MBP, MBP-WTG1^(wtg1-1) and MBP-WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R), respectively.

Values in (i-k) are means±SD. **P<0.01 compared with parental line (ZHJ) by Student's t-test.

Bars: 3 mm (f-h).

FIG. 21 shows the expression and subcellular localization of WTG1.

(a) WTG1 expression in roots and leaves of young seedlings and developing panicles of 1 cm (P1) to 15 cm (P15) was analyzed by Quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Values given are means±SD of three replicates.

(b-d) Expression of WTG1 was investigated using proWTG1:GUS transgenic plants. GUS activity in 8-d-old seedlings (b), the developing spikelet hulls (c) and the developing panicles (d).

(e-g) Subcellular localization of GFP-WTG1 in pro35S:GFP-WTG1 root cells. GFP fluorescence of GFP-WTG1 (e), DAPI staining (f), and merged (g) images are shown.

(h) Subcellular fractionation and immunoblot assays. The pro35S:GFP-WTG1 leaves were used to isolate the cytoplasmic protein fraction (C) and the nuclear protein fraction (N). Immunoblotting was carried out with an antibody against GFP. Bip, a luminal-binding protein, was used as cytoplasmic marker. Histone H4 was used as nuclear marker.

Bars: 5 mm (b), 2 mm (c), 10 mm (d) and 10 μm (e-g).

FIG. 22 shows that the overexpression of WTG1 causes narrow, thin and long grains.

(a) Paddy rice grains of Zhonghuajing (ZHJ) and proActin:WTG1 transgenic lines.

(b) Brown rice grains of ZHJ and proActin:WTG1 transgenic lines.

(c) Cross-section of ZHJ and proActin:WTG1 transgenic grains. The red lines indicate the grain thickness.

(d-f) Length (d), width (e) and thickness (f) of ZHJ and proActin:WTG1 grains (n≥40).

(g) Expression level of WTG1 in ZHJ and proActin:WTG1 transgenic lines. Three replicates were examined.

Values in (d-g) are means±SD. **P<0.01 compared with parental line (ZHJ) by Student's t-test.

Bars: 3 mm (a-c).

FIG. 23 shows the identification of the wtg1-1 mutation using the MutMap approach. The whole genome sequencing reveals the one deletion in the LOC-Os08g42540 gene, which has a SNP/INDEL-index=1.

FIG. 24 shows a phylogenetic tree of WTG1 and its homologs.

WTG1 homologs were obtained from the database searches (blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The phylogenetic tree of WTG1 homologs was constructed using the neighbor-joining method of MEGA7.0 software. Numbers at notes indicate the percentage of 1000 bootstrap replicates.

FIG. 25 shows an alignment of WTG1 and its homologs.

Proteins from Oryza sativa (MSU_Locus: LOC_Os08g42540), Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans, NP_506709), Homo sapiens (OTUB1, AK000120; OTUB2, AK025569), Mus musculus (Mus musculus, NP_080856), Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster, NP_609375), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii, CHLREDRAFT_55169), Zea mays (Zea mays, ACG38232), Hordeum vulgare (Hordeum vulgare, BAJ96717), Triticum urartu (Triticum urartu, EMS61506), Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana, At1g28120), and Glycine max (Glycine max, XP_014623731) were used to perform alignment. The red triangles represent the conserved amino acids in the putative catalytic triad of the cysteine protease, and the red boxes show the conserved sequences in the otubain-like domain.

FIG. 26 shows the overexpression of WTG1 influences cell expansion in spikelet hulls.

(a, b) Average length (a) and width (b) of outer epidermal cells in lemmas of ZHJ and proActin:WTG1 transgenic plants. More than 100 cells were measured (n>100).

(c) The number of outer epidermal cells in the grain-length direction of lemmas. Twenty grains were used to calculate cell number (n=20).

(d) The number of outer epidermal cells in the grain-width direction. Twenty grains were used to count cell number (n=20).

Values in (a-d) are given as mean±SD. **P<0.01 compared with parental line (ZHJ) by Student's t-test.

FIG. 27 shows the primers used in Example 2.

FIG. 28 shows the RNAi silencing of OsOTUB1. (a) RNAi silencing of OsOTUB1 exhibited ZH11-npt1-like phenotype, Scale bar, 20 cm. (b) OsOTUB1 expression levels in transgenic plants. (c) Culm thickness of transgenic plants, Scale bar, 5 mm. (d) Panicle architecture of transgenic plants, Scale bar, 5 cm. (e) Grain shape of transgenic plants, Scale bar, 5 mm. (f) Flag leaf shape of transgenic plants, Scale bar, 5 cm.

FIG. 29 shows the phenotype of plants with reduced levels of OTUB1 expression through RNAi. (a) Number of primary branches per panicle. (b) Number of secondary branches per panicle. (c) Number of grains per panicle. (d) Panicle length. (e) Plant height. (f) Overall grain yield per plant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will now be further described. In the following passages, different aspects of the invention are defined in more detail. Each aspect so defined may be combined with any other aspect or aspects unless clearly indicated to the contrary. In particular, any feature indicated as being preferred or advantageous may be combined with any other feature or features indicated as being preferred or advantageous.

The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of botany, microbiology, tissue culture, molecular biology, chemistry, biochemistry and recombinant DNA technology, bioinformatics which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature.

As used herein, the words “nucleic acid”, “nucleic acid sequence”, “nucleotide”, “nucleic acid molecule” or “polynucleotide” are intended to include DNA molecules (e.g., cDNA or genomic DNA), RNA molecules (e.g., mRNA), natural occurring, mutated, synthetic DNA or RNA molecules, and analogs of the DNA or RNA generated using nucleotide analogs. It can be single-stranded or double-stranded. Such nucleic acids or polynucleotides include, but are not limited to, coding sequences of structural genes, anti-sense sequences, and non-coding regulatory sequences that do not encode mRNAs or protein products. These terms also encompass a gene. The term “gene” or “gene sequence” is used broadly to refer to a DNA nucleic acid associated with a biological function. Thus, genes may include introns and exons as in the genomic sequence, or may comprise only a coding sequence as in cDNAs, and/or may include cDNAs in combination with regulatory sequences.

The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein and refer to amino acids in a polymeric form of any length, linked together by peptide bonds.

The aspects of the invention involve recombination DNA technology and exclude embodiments that are solely based on generating plants by traditional breeding methods.

Methods of Increasing Yield

Accordingly, in a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of increasing yield in a plant, the method comprising reducing or abolishing the expression of at least one nucleic acid encoding a otubain-like protease (referred to herein as “OTUB1” (for ovarian tumour domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde binding protein 1)) and/or reducing or abolishing the activity of a OTUB1 polypeptide in said plant. Preferably, there is provided a method of increasing grain yield. OTUB1 may also be referred to herein as “NPT1”, “DEP5” or “WTG1 and such terms may be used interchangeably. In one embodiment, the method reduces but does not abolish the expression and/or activity of OTUB1.

The term “yield” in general means a measurable produce of economic value, typically related to a specified crop, to an area, and to a period of time. Individual plant parts directly contribute to yield based on their number, size and/or weight. The actual yield is the yield per square meter for a crop and year, which is determined by dividing total production (includes both harvested and appraised production) by planted square metres.

The term “increased yield” as defined herein can be taken to comprise any or at least one of the following and can be measured by assessing one or more of (a) increased biomass (weight) of one or more parts of a plant, aboveground (harvestable parts), or increased root biomass, increased root volume, increased root length, increased root diameter or increased root length or increased biomass of any other harvestable part. Increased biomass may be expressed as g/plant or kg/hectare (b) increased seed yield per plant, which may comprise one or more of an increase in seed biomass (weight) per plant or an individual basis, (c) increased seed filling rate, (d) increased number of filled seeds, (e) increased harvest index, which may be expressed as a ratio of the yield of harvestable parts such as seeds over the total biomass, (f) increased viability/germination efficiency, (g) increased number or size or weight of seeds or pods or beans or grain (h) increased seed volume (which may be a result of a change in the composition (i.e. lipid (also referred to herein as oil)), protein, and carbohydrate total content and composition), (i) increased (individual or average) seed area, (j) increased (individual or average) seed length, (k) increased (individual or average) seed width, (l) increased (individual or average) seed perimeter, (m) increased growth or increased branching, for example inflorescences with more branches, (n) increased fresh weight or grain fill (o) increased ear weight (p) increased thousand kernel weight (TKVV), which may be taken from the number of filled seeds counted and their total weight and may be as a result of an increase in seed size and/or seed weight (q) decreased number of barren tillers per plant and (r) sturdier or stronger culms or stems. All parameters are relative to a wild-type or control plant.

Preferably, increased yield comprises at least one of an increase in at least one of grain number, grain number per ear or per panicle, grain weight, grain width and grain thickness, thousand kernel weight. Yield is increased relative to a control or wild-type plant. For example, the yield is increased by 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19% or 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% compared to a control or wild-type plant. In one embodiment, yield may be increased by between 20-50%, more preferably between 5 and 15% or more compared to a control plant. An increase in grain yield can be measured by assessing one or more of grain number, grain number per panicle, grain weight, grain width and grain thickness, thousand kernel weight and/or the number of fertile tillers per plant. The skilled person would be able to measure any of the above grain yield parameters using known techniques in the art.

The terms “seed” and “grain” as used herein can be used interchangeably. The terms “increase”, “improve” or “enhance” as used herein are also interchangeable

As used herein, the terms “reducing” means a decrease in the levels of OTUB1 expression and/or activity by up to or more than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% when compared to the level in a wild-type or control plant. Reducing may or may not encompass abolishes expression, preferably it does not. The term “abolish” expression means that no expression of OTUB1 is detectable or that no functional OTUB1 polypeptide is produced. Methods for determining the level of OTUB1 expression and/or activity would be well known to the skilled person. These reductions can be measured by any standard technique known to the skilled person. For example, a reduction in the expression and/or content levels of at least OTUB1 expression may be a measure of protein and/or nucleic acid levels and can be measured by any technique known to the skilled person, such as, but not limited to, any form of gel electrophoresis or chromatography (e.g. HPLC). In one embodiment, the mutation reduces or abolishes the deubiquitinase activity of OTUB1. Accordingly, the method may comprise measuring the deubiquitinase activity of the protein using techniques standard in the art, such as the use of a fluorescent deubiquitinase substrate.

In a preferred embodiment of any aspect of the invention described herein, the expression and/or activity of OTUB1 is reduced, and not abolished.

By “at least one mutation” is meant that where the OTUB1 gene is present as more than one copy or homoeologue (with the same or slightly different sequence) there is at least one mutation in at least one gene. Preferably all genes are mutated.

In one embodiment, the method comprises introducing at least one mutation into the, preferably endogenous, gene encoding OTUB1 and/or the OTUB1 promoter. Preferably said mutation is in the coding region of the OTUB1 gene. Alternatively, said mutation is in an intronic sequence or the 5′UTR. In a further embodiment, at least one mutation or structural alteration may be introduced into the OTUB1 promoter such that the OTUB1 gene is either not expressed (i.e. expression is abolished) or expression is reduced, as defined herein. In an alternative embodiment, at least one mutation may be introduced into the OTUB1 gene such that the altered gene does not express a full-length (i.e. expresses a truncated) OTUB1 protein or does not express a fully functional OTUB1 protein. In this manner, the activity of the OTUB1 polypeptide can be considered to be reduced or abolished as described herein. In any case, the mutation may result in the expression of OTUB1 with no, significantly reduced or altered biological activity in vivo. Alternatively, OTUB1 may not be expressed at all.

In one embodiment, the sequence of the OTUB1 gene comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence as defined in any of SEQ ID NO: 2 to 5 or a functional variant or homologue thereof and encodes a polypeptide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a functional variant or homologue thereof.

By “OTUB1 promoter” is meant a region extending for at least 2.5 kbp upstream of the ATG codon of the OTUB1 ORF. In one embodiment, the sequence of the OTUB1 promoter comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO: 6 or a functional variant or homologue thereof. Examples of promoter homologues are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 21 to 27.

In the above embodiments an ‘endogenous’ nucleic acid may refer to the native or natural sequence in the plant genome. In one embodiment, the endogenous sequence of the OTUB1 gene comprises any of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4 or 5 and encodes an amino acid sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO: 1 or homologs thereof. Also included in the scope of this invention are functional variants (as defined herein) and homologs of the above identified sequences. Examples of homologs are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 7 to 27. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the homolog encodes a polypeptide selected from SEQ ID NOs: 14 to 20 or the homolog comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs 7 to 13.

The term “functional variant” (or “variant”) as used herein with reference to any of SEQ ID NOs: 2 to 210 refers to a variant sequence or part of the sequence which retains the biological function of the full non-variant sequence. A functional variant also comprises a variant of the gene of interest which has sequence alterations that do not affect function, for example in non-conserved residues. Also encompassed is a variant that is substantially identical, i.e. has only some sequence variations, for example in non-conserved residues, compared to the wild type sequences as shown herein and is biologically active. Alterations in a nucleic acid sequence which result in the production of a different amino acid at a given site that do not affect the functional properties of the encoded polypeptide are well known in the art. For example, a codon for the amino acid alanine, a hydrophobic amino acid, may be substituted by a codon encoding another less hydrophobic residue, such as glycine, or a more hydrophobic residue, such as valine, leucine, or isoleucine. Similarly, changes which result in substitution of one negatively charged residue for another, such as aspartic acid for glutamic acid, or one positively charged residue for another, such as lysine for arginine, can also be expected to produce a functionally equivalent product. Nucleotide changes which result in alteration of the N-terminal and C-terminal portions of the polypeptide molecule would also not be expected to alter the activity of the polypeptide. Each of the proposed modifications is well within the routine skill in the art, as is determination of retention of biological activity of the encoded products.

In one embodiment, a functional variant has at least 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99% overall sequence identity to the non-variant nucleic acid or amino acid sequence.

The term homolog, as used herein, also designates a OTUB1 promoter or OTUB1 gene orthologue from other plant species. A homolog may have, in increasing order of preference, at least 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99% overall sequence identity to the amino acid represented by any of SEQ ID NO: 1 or to the nucleic acid sequences as shown by SEQ ID NOs: 2 or 6. In one embodiment, overall sequence identity is at least 37%. In one embodiment, overall sequence identity is at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, most preferably 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%.

Functional variants of OTUB1 homologs as defined above are also within the scope of the invention.

The “OTUB1” (for ovarian tumour domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde binding protein 1)) encodes a otubain-like protease. As discussed above, “OTUB1” may also be referred to herein as “NPT1”, “DEP5” or “WTG1 and such terms may be used interchangeably.

OTUB1 is characterised by a number of conserved domains, including but not limited to an otubain-like domain.

In a further embodiment, the sequence of the otubain-like domain is as follows:

SEQ ID NO: 211 PYVGDKEPLSTLAAEFQSGSPILQEKIKLLGEQYDALRRTRGDGNCF YRSFMFSYLEHILETQDKAEVERILKKIEQCKKTLADLGYIEFTFED FFSIFlDQLESVLQGHESSIGAEELLERTRDQMVSDYVVMFFRFVTS GEIQRRAEFFEPFISGLTNSTVVQFCKASVEPMGEESDHVHIIALSD ALGVPIRVMYLDRSSCDAGNISVNHHDFSPEANSSDGAAAAEKPYIT LLYRPGHYDILYP 

Wherein the amino acids highlighted in bold in SEQ ID NO: 211 forms a catalytic triad.

or  SEQ ID NO: 212 SPILQEKIKLLGEQYDALRRTRGDGNCFYRSFMFSYLEHILETQDKA EVERILKKIEQCKKTLADLGYIEFTFEDFFSIFlDQLESVLQGHESS IGAEELLERTRDQMVSDYVVMFFRFVTSGEIQRRAEFFEPFISGLTN STVVQFCKASVEPMGEESDHVHIIALSDALGVPIRVMYLDRSSCDAG NISVNHHDFSPEANSSDGAAAAEKPYITLLYRPGHYDILYPK 

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the OTUB1 nucleic acid (coding) sequence encodes a OTUB1 protein comprising at least one SBP-domain and/or otubain-like domain as defined below, or a variant thereof, wherein the variant has at least 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99% overall sequence identity to SEQ ID NO 211 or 212. In a preferred embodiment, the OTUB1 polypeptide is characterised by at least one otubain-like domain and has at least 75% homology to SEQ ID NO 211 or 212. In a further embodiment, the OTUB1 protein comprises a catalytic triad, and preferably the OTUB1 protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 211 and/or SEQ ID NO: 212 or a variant thereof as defined above, wherein the sequence of the variant comprises at least a aspartate and cysteine (preferably at positions 4 and 7) and/or a histidine in SEQ ID NO: 211 (preferably at the first position).

Two nucleic acid sequences or polypeptides are said to be “identical” if the sequence of nucleotides or amino acid residues, respectively, in the two sequences is the same when aligned for maximum correspondence as described below. The terms “identical” or percent “identity,” in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptide sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window, as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by manual alignment and visual inspection. When percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to proteins or peptides, it is recognised that residue positions that are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, where amino acids residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional properties of the molecule. Where sequences differ in conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are entered into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. Default program parameters can be used, or alternative parameters can be designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identities for the test sequences relative to the reference sequence, based on the program parameters. Non-limiting examples of algorithms that are suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity are the BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms.

Suitable homologues can be identified by sequence comparisons and identifications of conserved domains. There are predictors in the art that can be used to identify such sequences. The function of the homologue can be identified as described herein and a skilled person would thus be able to confirm the function, for example when overexpressed in a plant.

Thus, the nucleotide sequences of the invention and described herein can also be used to isolate corresponding sequences from other organisms, particularly other plants, for example crop plants. In this manner, methods such as PCR, hybridization, and the like can be used to identify such sequences based on their sequence homology to the sequences described herein. Topology of the sequences and the characteristic domains structure can also be considered when identifying and isolating homologs.

Sequences may be isolated based on their sequence identity to the entire sequence or to fragments thereof. In hybridization techniques, all or part of a known nucleotide sequence is used as a probe that selectively hybridizes to other corresponding nucleotide sequences present in a population of cloned genomic DNA fragments or cDNA fragments (i.e., genomic or cDNA libraries) from a chosen plant. The hybridization probes may be genomic DNA fragments, cDNA fragments, RNA fragments, or other oligonucleotides, and may be labeled with a detectable group, or any other detectable marker. Methods for preparation of probes for hybridization and for construction of cDNA and genomic libraries are generally known in the art and are disclosed in Sambrook, et al., (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Library Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

Hybridization of such sequences may be carried out under stringent conditions. By “stringent conditions” or “stringent hybridization conditions” is intended conditions under which a probe will hybridize to its target sequence to a detectably greater degree than to other sequences (e.g., at least 2-fold over background). Stringent conditions are sequence dependent and will be different in different circumstances. By controlling the stringency of the hybridization and/or washing conditions, target sequences that are 100% complementary to the probe can be identified (homologous probing). Alternatively, stringency conditions can be adjusted to allow some mismatching in sequences so that lower degrees of similarity are detected (heterologous probing). Generally, a probe is less than about 1000 nucleotides in length, preferably less than 500 nucleotides in length.

Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.5 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides). Duration of hybridization is generally less than about 24 hours, usually about 4 to 12. Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide.

In a further embodiment, a variant as used herein can comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a OTUB1 polypeptide as defined herein that is capable of hybridising under stringent conditions as defined herein to a nucleic acid sequence as defined in any of SEQ ID NOs: 2 to 5.

In one embodiment, the method comprises reducing or abolishing, preferably reducing, the expression of at least one nucleic acid encoding a OTUB1 polypeptide or reducing or abolishing the activity of an OTUB1 polypeptide, as described herein, wherein the method comprises introducing at least one mutation into at least one OTUB1 gene and/or promoter, wherein the OTUB1 gene comprises or consists of

-   -   a. a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide as defined in         one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 14 to 20; or     -   b. a nucleic acid sequence as defined in one of SEQ ID NOs: 2 to         13; or     -   c. a nucleic acid sequence with at least 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%,         79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,         92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99% overall         sequence identity to either (a) or (b); or     -   d. a nucleic acid sequence encoding a OTUB1 polypeptide as         defined herein that is capable of hybridising under stringent         conditions as defined herein to the nucleic acid sequence of any         of (a) to (c).

and wherein the OTUB1 promoter comprises or consists of

-   -   e. a nucleic acid sequence as defined in one of SEQ ID NOs: 6         and 21 to 27     -   f. a nucleic acid sequence with at least 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%,         79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,         92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99% overall         sequence identity to (e); or     -   g. a nucleic acid sequence capable of hybridising under         stringent conditions as defined herein to the nucleic acid         sequence of any of (e) to (f).

In a preferred embodiment, the mutation that is introduced into the endogenous OTUB1 gene or promoter thereof to silence, reduce, or inhibit the biological activity and/or expression levels of the OTUB1 gene or protein can be selected from the following mutation types

-   -   1. a “missense mutation”, which is a change in the nucleic acid         sequence that results in the substitution of one amino acid for         another amino acid;     -   2. a “nonsense mutation” or “STOP codon mutation”, which is a         change in the nucleic acid sequence that results in the         introduction of a premature STOP codon and, thus, the         termination of translation (resulting in a truncated protein);         in plants, the translation stop codons may be selected from         “TGA” (UGA in RNA), “TAA” (UAA in RNA) and “TAG” (UAG in RNA);         thus any nucleotide substitution, insertion, deletion which         results in one of these codons to be in the mature mRNA being         translated (in the reading frame) will terminate translation.     -   3. an “insertion mutation” of one or more nucleotides or one or         more amino acids, due to one or more codons having been added in         the coding sequence of the nucleic acid;     -   4. a “deletion mutation” of one or more nucleotides or of one or         more amino acids, due to one or more codons having been deleted         in the coding sequence of the nucleic acid;     -   5. a “frameshift mutation”, resulting in the nucleic acid         sequence being translated in a different frame downstream of the         mutation. A frameshift mutation can have various causes, such as         the insertion, deletion or duplication of one or more         nucleotides.     -   6. a “splice site” mutation, which is a mutation that results in         the insertion, deletion or substitution of a nucleotide at the         site of splicing.

As used herein, an “insertion”, “deletion” or “substitution” may refer to the insertion, deletion or substitution of at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten nucleotides. In one specific embodiment, said mutation may comprise the substitution of at least one of the following:

-   -   C to Tat position 1135 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 5;     -   G to C at position 1462 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 5; and/or     -   G to C at position1798 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 5

In a further additional or alternative embodiment, said mutation is the insertion of a single amino acid, preferably, T, at position 2234 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 5.

In a further additional or alternative embodiment, said mutation is a deletion of at least four nucleotides, preferably the four nucleotides underlined in SEQ ID NO: 3. This mutation is a mutation in the exon-intron splicing sequence, which results in a mutated CDS sequence containing the fourth intron sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO: 153 (the fourth intron is underlined). As a result, the wtg mutation resulted in premature termination of the predicted protein (as described in SEQ ID NO: 154).

In a further additional or alternative embodiment, said mutation may be a G to A substitution at position 1824 of SEQ ID NO: 155.

In general, the skilled person will understand that at least one mutation as defined above and which leads to the insertion, deletion or substitution of at least one nucleic acid or amino acid compared to the wild-type OTUB1 promoter or OTUB1 nucleic acid or protein sequence can affect the biological activity of the OTUB1 protein. Preferably said mutation abolishes or reduces the deubiquitinase activity of OTUB1.

In one embodiment, the mutation is introduced into the SBP-domain and/or an otubain-like domain. Preferably said mutation is a loss or partial loss of function mutation such as a premature stop codon, or an amino acid change in a highly conserved region that is predicted to be important for protein structure. In another embodiment, the mutation is introduced into the OTUB1 promoter and is at least the deletion and/or insertion of at least one nucleic acid. Other major changes such as deletions that remove functional regions of the promoter are also included as these will reduce the expression of OTUB1. In one embodiment, the mutation may be introduced into at least one amino acid that makes the catalytic triad, as defined above. For example, said mutation may be at least one, preferably all of the following:

-   -   a D to E at position 68 of SEQ ID NO: 1     -   a C to S at position 71 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and/or     -   a H to R at position 267 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In one embodiment a mutation may be introduced into the OTUB1 promoter and at least one mutation is introduced into the OTUB1 gene.

In one embodiment, the mutation is introduced using mutagenesis or targeted genome editing. That is, in one embodiment, the invention relates to a method and plant that has been generated by genetic engineering methods as described above, and does not encompass naturally occurring varieties.

Targeted genome modification or targeted genome editing is a genome engineering technique that uses targeted DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) to stimulate genome editing through homologous recombination (HR)-mediated recombination events. To achieve effective genome editing via introduction of site-specific DNA DSBs, four major classes of customisable DNA binding proteins can be used: meganucleases derived from microbial mobile genetic elements, ZF nucleases based on eukaryotic transcription factors, transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) from Xanthomonas bacteria, and the RNA-guided DNA endonuclease Cas9 from the type II bacterial adaptive immune system CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats). Meganuclease, ZF, and TALE proteins all recognize specific DNA sequences through protein-DNA interactions. Although meganucleases integrate nuclease and DNA-binding domains, ZF and TALE proteins consist of individual modules targeting 3 or 1 nucleotides (nt) of DNA, respectively. ZFs and TALEs can be assembled in desired combinations and attached to the nuclease domain of FokI to direct nucleolytic activity toward specific genomic loci.

Upon delivery into host cells via the bacterial type III secretion system, TAL effectors enter the nucleus, bind to effector-specific sequences in host gene promoters and activate transcription. Their targeting specificity is determined by a central domain of tandem, 33-35 amino acid repeats. This is followed by a single truncated repeat of 20 amino acids. The majority of naturally occurring TAL effectors examined have between 12 and 27 full repeats.

These repeats only differ from each other by two adjacent amino acids, their repeat-variable di-residue (RVD). The RVD that determines which single nucleotide the TAL effector will recognize: one RVD corresponds to one nucleotide, with the four most common RVDs each preferentially associating with one of the four bases. Naturally occurring recognition sites are uniformly preceded by a T that is required for TAL effector activity. TAL effectors can be fused to the catalytic domain of the FokI nuclease to create a TAL effector nuclease (TALEN) which makes targeted DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in vivo for genome editing. The use of this technology in genome editing is well described in the art, for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,440,431, 8,440,432 and 8,450,471. Cermak T et al. describes a set of customized plasmids that can be used with the Golden Gate cloning method to assemble multiple DNA fragments. As described therein, the Golden Gate method uses Type IIS restriction endonucleases, which cleave outside their recognition sites to create unique 4 bp overhangs. Cloning is expedited by digesting and ligating in the same reaction mixture because correct assembly eliminates the enzyme recognition site. Assembly of a custom TALEN or TAL effector construct and involves two steps: (i) assembly of repeat modules into intermediary arrays of 1-10 repeats and (ii) joining of the intermediary arrays into a backbone to make the final construct. Accordingly, using techniques known in the art it is possible to design a TAL effector that targets a OTUB1 gene or promoter sequence as described herein.

Another genome editing method that can be used according to the various aspects of the invention is CRISPR. The use of this technology in genome editing is well described in the art, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 8,697,359 and references cited herein. In short, CRISPR is a microbial nuclease system involved in defense against invading phages and plasmids. CRISPR loci in microbial hosts contain a combination of CRISPR-associated (Cas) genes as well as non-coding RNA elements capable of programming the specificity of the CRISPR-mediated nucleic acid cleavage (sgRNA). Three types (I-III) of CRISPR systems have been identified across a wide range of bacterial hosts. One key feature of each CRISPR locus is the presence of an array of repetitive sequences (direct repeats) interspaced by short stretches of non-repetitive sequences (spacers). The non-coding CRISPR array is transcribed and cleaved within direct repeats into short crRNAs containing individual spacer sequences, which direct Cas nucleases to the target site (protospacer). The Type II CRISPR is one of the most well characterized systems and carries out targeted DNA double-strand break in four sequential steps. First, two non-coding RNA, the pre-crRNA array and tracrRNA, are transcribed from the CRISPR locus. Second, tracrRNA hybridizes to the repeat regions of the pre-crRNA and mediates the processing of pre-crRNA into mature crRNAs containing individual spacer sequences. Third, the mature crRNA:tracrRNA complex directs Cas9 to the target DNA via Watson-Crick base-pairing between the spacer on the crRNA and the protospacer on the target DNA next to the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), an additional requirement for target recognition. Finally, Cas9 mediates cleavage of target DNA to create a double-stranded break within the protospacer.

One major advantage of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, as compared to conventional gene targeting and other programmable endonucleases is the ease of multiplexing, where multiple genes can be mutated simultaneously simply by using multiple sgRNAs each targeting a different gene. In addition, where two sgRNAs are used flanking a genomic region, the intervening section can be deleted or inverted (Wiles et al., 2015).

Cas9 is thus the hallmark protein of the type II CRISPR-Cas system, and is a large monomeric DNA nuclease guided to a DNA target sequence adjacent to the PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) sequence motif by a complex of two noncoding RNAs: CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA). The Cas9 protein contains two nuclease domains homologous to RuvC and HNH nucleases. The HNH nuclease domain cleaves the complementary DNA strand whereas the RuvC-like domain cleaves the non-complementary strand and, as a result, a blunt cut is introduced in the target DNA. Heterologous expression of Cas9 together with an sgRNA can introduce site-specific double strand breaks (DSBs) into genomic DNA of live cells from various organisms. For applications in eukaryotic organisms, codon optimized versions of Cas9, which is originally from the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, have been used.

The single guide RNA (sgRNA) is the second component of the CRISPR/Cas system that forms a complex with the Cas9 nuclease. sgRNA is a synthetic RNA chimera created by fusing crRNA with tracrRNA. The sgRNA guide sequence located at its 5′ end confers DNA target specificity. Therefore, by modifying the guide sequence, it is possible to create sgRNAs with different target specificities. The canonical length of the guide sequence is 20 bp. In plants, sgRNAs have been expressed using plant RNA polymerase III promoters, such as U6 and U3. Accordingly, using techniques known in the art it is possible to design sgRNA molecules that targets a OTUB1 gene or promoter sequence as described herein. In one embodiment, the method comprises using any of the nucleic acid constructs or sgRNA molecules described herein.

Cas9 expression plasmids for use in the methods of the invention can be constructed as described in the art.

Alternatively, more conventional mutagenesis methods can be used to introduce at least one mutation into a OTUB1 gene or OTUB1 promoter sequence. These methods include both physical and chemical mutagenesis. A skilled person will know further approaches can be used to generate such mutants, and methods for mutagenesis and polynucleotide alterations are well known in the art. See, for example, Kunkel (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488-492; Kunkel et al. (1987) Methods in Enzymol. 154:367-382; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) Techniques in Molecular Biology (MacMillan Publishing Company, New York) and the references cited therein.

In one embodiment, insertional mutagenesis is used, for example using T-DNA mutagenesis (which inserts pieces of the T-DNA from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-Plasmid into DNA causing either loss of gene function or gain of gene function mutations), site-directed nucleases (SDNs) or transposons as a mutagen. Insertional mutagenesis is an alternative means of disrupting gene function and is based on the insertion of foreign DNA into the gene of interest (see Krysan et al, The Plant Cell, Vol. 11, 2283-2290, December 1999). Accordingly, in one embodiment, T-DNA is used as an insertional mutagen to disrupt OTUB1 gene or OTUB1 promoter expression. T-DNA not only disrupts the expression of the gene into which it is inserted, but also acts as a marker for subsequent identification of the mutation. Since the sequence of the inserted element is known, the gene in which the insertion has occurred can be recovered, using various cloning or PCR-based strategies. The insertion of a piece of

T-DNA in the order of 5 to 25 kb in length generally produces a disruption of gene function. If a large enough population of T-DNA transformed lines is generated, there are reasonably good chances of finding a transgenic plant carrying a T-DNA insert within any gene of interest. Transformation of spores with T-DNA is achieved by an Agrobacterium-mediated method which involves exposing plant cells and tissues to a suspension of Agrobacterium cells.

The details of this method are well known to a skilled person. In short, plant transformation by Agrobacterium results in the integration into the nuclear genome of a sequence called T-DNA, which is carried on a bacterial plasmid. The use of T-DNA transformation leads to stable single insertions. Further mutant analysis of the resultant transformed lines is straightforward and each individual insertion line can be rapidly characterized by direct sequencing and analysis of DNA flanking the insertion. Gene expression in the mutant is compared to expression of the OTUB1 nucleic acid sequence in a wild type plant and phenotypic analysis is also carried out.

In another embodiment, mutagenesis is physical mutagenesis, such as application of ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, gamma rays, fast or thermal neutrons or protons. The targeted population can then be screened to identify an OTUB1 mutant with reduced expression or activity.

In another embodiment of the various aspects of the invention, the method comprises mutagenizing a plant population with a mutagen. The mutagen may be a fast neutron irradiation or a chemical mutagen, for example selected from the following non-limiting list: ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea (ENU), triethylmelamine (1′EM), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), procarbazine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, diethyl sulfate, acrylamide monomer, melphalan, nitrogen mustard, vincristine, dimethylnitosamine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-Nitrosoguanidine (MN NG), nitrosoguanidine, 2-aminopurine, 7,12 dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA), ethylene oxide, hexamethylphosphoramide, bisulfan, diepoxyalkanes (diepoxyoctane (DEO), diepoxybutane (BEB), and the like), 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9 [3-(ethyl-2-chloroethyl)aminopropylamino]acridine dihydrochloride (ICR-170) or formaldehyde. Again, the targeted population can then be screened to identify a OTUB1 gene or promoter mutant.

In another embodiment, the method used to create and analyse mutations is targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING), reviewed in Henikoff et al, 2004. In this method, seeds are mutagenised with a chemical mutagen, for example EMS. The resulting M1 plants are self-fertilised and the M2 generation of individuals is used to prepare DNA samples for mutational screening. DNA samples are pooled and arrayed on microtiter plates and subjected to gene specific PCR. The PCR amplification products may be screened for mutations in the OTUB1 target gene using any method that identifies heteroduplexes between wild type and mutant genes. For example, but not limited to, denaturing high pressure liquid chromatography (dHPLC), constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE), temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis (TGCE), or by fragmentation using chemical cleavage. Preferably the PCR amplification products are incubated with an endonuclease that preferentially cleaves mismatches in heteroduplexes between wild type and mutant sequences. Cleavage products are electrophoresed using an automated sequencing gel apparatus, and gel images are analyzed with the aid of a standard commercial image-processing program. Any primer specific to the OTUB1 nucleic acid sequence may be utilized to amplify the OTUB1 nucleic acid sequence within the pooled DNA sample. Preferably, the primer is designed to amplify the regions of the OTUB1 gene where useful mutations are most likely to arise, specifically in the areas of the OTUB1 gene that are highly conserved and/or confer activity as explained elsewhere. To facilitate detection of PCR products on a gel, the PCR primer may be labeled using any conventional labeling method. In an alternative embodiment, the method used to create and analyse mutations is EcoTILLING. EcoTILLING is molecular technique that is similar to TILLING, except that its objective is to uncover natural variation in a given population as opposed to induced mutations. The first publication of the EcoTILLING method was described in Comai et al. 2004.

Rapid high-throughput screening procedures thus allow the analysis of amplification products for identifying a mutation conferring the reduction or inactivation of the expression of the OTUB1 gene as compared to a corresponding non-mutagenised wild type plant. Once a mutation is identified in a gene of interest, the seeds of the M2 plant carrying that mutation are grown into adult M3 plants and screened for the phenotypic characteristics associated with the target gene OTUB1. Loss of and reduced function mutants with increased grain yield compared to a control can thus be identified.

Plants obtained or obtainable by such method which carry a functional mutation in the endogenous OTUB1 gene or promoter locus are also within the scope of the invention

In an alternative embodiment, the expression of the OTUB1 gene may be reduced at either the level of transcription or translation. For example, expression of a OTUB1 nucleic acid or OTUB1 promoter sequence, as defined herein, can be reduced or silenced using a number of gene silencing methods known to the skilled person, such as, but not limited to, the use of small interfering nucleic acids (siNA) against OTUB1. “Gene silencing” is a term generally used to refer to suppression of expression of a gene via sequence-specific interactions that are mediated by RNA molecules. The degree of reduction may be so as to totally abolish production of the encoded gene product, but more usually the abolition of expression is partial, with some degree of expression remaining. The term should not therefore be taken to require complete “silencing” of expression.

In one embodiment, the siNA may include, short interfering RNA (siRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), antagomirs and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) capable of mediating RNA interference.

The inhibition of expression and/or activity can be measured by determining the presence and/or amount of OTUB1 transcript using techniques well known to the skilled person (such as Northern Blotting, RT-PCR and so on).

Transgenes may be used to suppress endogenous plant genes. This was discovered originally when chalcone synthase transgenes in petunia caused suppression of the endogenous chalcone synthase genes and indicated by easily visible pigmentation changes. Subsequently it has been described how many, if not all plant genes can be “silenced” by transgenes. Gene silencing requires sequence similarity between the transgene and the gene that becomes silenced. This sequence homology may involve promoter regions or coding regions of the silenced target gene. When coding regions are involved, the transgene able to cause gene silencing may have been constructed with a promoter that would transcribe either the sense or the antisense orientation of the coding sequence RNA. It is likely that the various examples of gene silencing involve different mechanisms that are not well understood. In different examples there may be transcriptional or post-transcriptional gene silencing and both may be used according to the methods of the invention.

The mechanisms of gene silencing and their application in genetic engineering, which were first discovered in plants in the early 1990s and then shown in Caenorhabditis elegans are extensively described in the literature.

RNA-mediated gene suppression or RNA silencing according to the methods of the invention includes co-suppression wherein over-expression of the target sense RNA or mRNA, that is the OTUB1 sense RNA or mRNA, leads to a reduction in the level of expression of the genes concerned. RNAs of the transgene and homologous endogenous gene are co-ordinately suppressed. Other techniques used in the methods of the invention include antisense RNA to reduce transcript levels of the endogenous target gene in a plant. In this method, RNA silencing does not affect the transcription of a gene locus, but only causes sequence-specific degradation of target mRNAs. An “antisense” nucleic acid sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a “sense” nucleic acid sequence encoding a OTUB1 protein, or a part of the protein, i.e. complementary to the coding strand of a double-stranded cDNA molecule or complementary to an mRNA transcript sequence. The antisense nucleic acid sequence is preferably complementary to the endogenous OTUB1 gene to be silenced. The complementarity may be located in the “coding region” and/or in the “non-coding region” of a gene. The term “coding region” refers to a region of the nucleotide sequence comprising codons that are translated into amino acid residues. The term “non-coding region” refers to 5′ and 3′ sequences that flank the coding region that are transcribed but not translated into amino acids (also referred to as 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions).

Antisense nucleic acid sequences can be designed according to the rules of Watson and Crick base pairing. The antisense nucleic acid sequence may be complementary to the entire OTUB1 nucleic acid sequence as defined herein, but may also be an oligonucleotide that is antisense to only a part of the nucleic acid sequence (including the mRNA 5′ and 3′ UTR). For example, the antisense oligonucleotide sequence may be complementary to the region surrounding the translation start site of an mRNA transcript encoding a polypeptide. The length of a suitable antisense oligonucleotide sequence is known in the art and may start from about 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15 or 10 nucleotides in length or less. An antisense nucleic acid sequence according to the invention may be constructed using chemical synthesis and enzymatic ligation reactions using methods known in the art. For example, an antisense nucleic acid sequence (e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide sequence) may be chemically synthesized using naturally occurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotides designed to increase the biological stability of the molecules or to increase the physical stability of the duplex formed between the antisense and sense nucleic acid sequences, e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine-substituted nucleotides may be used. Examples of modified nucleotides that may be used to generate the antisense nucleic acid sequences are well known in the art. The antisense nucleic acid sequence can be produced biologically using an expression vector into which a nucleic acid sequence has been subcloned in an antisense orientation (i.e., RNA transcribed from the inserted nucleic acid will be of an antisense orientation to a target nucleic acid of interest). Preferably, production of antisense nucleic acid sequences in plants occurs by means of a stably integrated nucleic acid construct comprising a promoter, an operably linked antisense oligonucleotide, and a terminator.

The nucleic acid molecules used for silencing in the methods of the invention hybridize with or bind to mRNA transcripts and/or insert into genomic DNA encoding a polypeptide to thereby inhibit expression of the protein, e.g., by inhibiting transcription and/or translation. The hybridization can be by conventional nucleotide complementarity to form a stable duplex, or, for example, in the case of an antisense nucleic acid sequence which binds to DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix. Antisense nucleic acid sequences may be introduced into a plant by transformation or direct injection at a specific tissue site. Alternatively, antisense nucleic acid sequences can be modified to target selected cells and then administered systemically. For example, for systemic administration, antisense nucleic acid sequences can be modified such that they specifically bind to receptors or antigens expressed on a selected cell surface, e.g., by linking the antisense nucleic acid sequence to peptides or antibodies which bind to cell surface receptors or antigens. The antisense nucleic acid sequences can also be delivered to cells using vectors.

RNA interference (RNAi) is another post-transcriptional gene-silencing phenomenon which may be used according to the methods of the invention. This is induced by double-stranded RNA in which mRNA that is homologous to the dsRNA is specifically degraded. It refers to the process of sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing mediated by short interfering RNAs (siRNA). The process of RNAi begins when the enzyme, DICER, encounters dsRNA and chops it into pieces called small-interfering RNAs (siRNA). This enzyme belongs to the RNase III nuclease family. A complex of proteins gathers up these RNA remains and uses their code as a guide to search out and destroy any RNAs in the cell with a matching sequence, such as target mRNA.

Artificial and/or natural microRNAs (miRNAs) may be used to knock out gene expression and/or mRNA translation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) miRNAs are typically single stranded small RNAs typically 19-24 nucleotides long. Most plant miRNAs have perfect or near-perfect complementarity with their target sequences. However, there are natural targets with up to five mismatches. They are processed from longer non-coding RNAs with characteristic fold-back structures by double-strand specific RNases of the Dicer family Upon processing, they are incorporated in the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) by binding to its main component, an Argonaute protein. miRNAs serve as the specificity components of RISC, since they base-pair to target nucleic acids, mostly mRNAs, in the cytoplasm. Subsequent regulatory events include target mRNA cleavage and destruction and/or translational inhibition. Effects of miRNA overexpression are thus often reflected in decreased mRNA levels of target genes. Artificial microRNA (amiRNA) technology has been applied in Arabidopsis thaliana and other plants to efficiently silence target genes of interest. The design principles for amiRNAs have been generalized and integrated into a Web-based tool (wmd.weigelworld.org).

Thus, according to the various aspects of the invention a plant may be transformed to introduce a RNAi, shRNA, snRNA, dsRNA, siRNA, miRNA, ta-siRNA, amiRNA or cosuppression molecule that has been designed to target the expression of an OTUB1 nucleic acid sequence and selectively decreases or inhibits the expression of the gene or stability of its transcript. Preferably, the RNAi, snRNA, dsRNA, shRNA siRNA, miRNA, amiRNA, to-siRNA or cosuppression molecule used according to the various aspects of the invention comprises a fragment of at least 17 nt, preferably 22 to 26 nt and can be designed on the basis of the information shown in any of SEQ ID NOs:1 to 12. Guidelines for designing effective siRNAs are known to the skilled person. Briefly, a short fragment of the target gene sequence (e.g., 19-40 nucleotides in length) is chosen as the target sequence of the siRNA of the invention. The short fragment of target gene sequence is a fragment of the target gene mRNA. In preferred embodiments, the criteria for choosing a sequence fragment from the target gene mRNA to be a candidate siRNA molecule include 1) a sequence from the target gene mRNA that is at least 50-100 nucleotides from the 5′ or 3′ end of the native mRNA molecule, 2) a sequence from the target gene mRNA that has a G/C content of between 30% and 70%, most preferably around 50%, 3) a sequence from the target gene mRNA that does not contain repetitive sequences (e.g., AAA, CCC, GGG, TTT, AAAA, CCCC, GGGG, TTTT), 4) a sequence from the target gene mRNA that is accessible in the mRNA, 5) a sequence from the target gene mRNA that is unique to the target gene, 6) avoids regions within 75 bases of a start codon. The sequence fragment from the target gene mRNA may meet one or more of the criteria identified above. The selected gene is introduced as a nucleotide sequence in a prediction program that takes into account all the variables described above for the design of optimal oligonucleotides. This program scans any mRNA nucleotide sequence for regions susceptible to be targeted by siRNAs. The output of this analysis is a score of possible siRNA oligonucleotides. The highest scores are used to design double stranded RNA oligonucleotides that are typically made by chemical synthesis. In addition to siRNA which is complementary to the mRNA target region, degenerate siRNA sequences may be used to target homologous regions. siRNAs according to the invention can be synthesized by any method known in the art. RNAs are preferably chemically synthesized using appropriately protected ribonucleoside phosphoramidites and a conventional DNA/RNA synthesizer. Additionally, siRNAs can be obtained from commercial RNA oligonucleotide synthesis suppliers.

siRNA molecules according to the aspects of the invention may be double stranded. In one embodiment, double stranded siRNA molecules comprise blunt ends. In another embodiment, double stranded siRNA molecules comprise overhanging nucleotides (e.g., 1-5 nucleotide overhangs, preferably 2 nucleotide overhangs). In some embodiments, the siRNA is a short hairpin RNA (shRNA); and the two strands of the siRNA molecule may be connected by a linker region (e.g., a nucleotide linker or a non-nucleotide linker). The siRNAs of the invention may contain one or more modified nucleotides and/or non-phosphodiester linkages. Chemical modifications well known in the art are capable of increasing stability, availability, and/or cell uptake of the siRNA. The skilled person will be aware of other types of chemical modification which may be incorporated into RNA molecules.

In one embodiment, recombinant DNA constructs as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,635,805, incorporated herein by reference, may be used.

The silencing RNA molecule is introduced into the plant using conventional methods, for example a vector and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Stably transformed plants are generated and expression of the OTUB1 gene compared to a wild type control plant is analysed.

Silencing or reducing expression levels of OTUB1 nucleic acid may also be achieved using virus-induced gene silencing.

Thus, in one embodiment of the invention, the plant expresses a nucleic acid construct comprising a RNAi, shRNA snRNA, dsRNA, siRNA, miRNA, ta-siRNA, amiRNA or co-suppression molecule that targets the OTUB1 nucleic acid sequence as described herein and reduces expression of the endogenous OTUB1 nucleic acid sequence. A gene is targeted when, for example, the RNAi, snRNA, dsRNA, siRNA, shRNA miRNA, ta-siRNA, amiRNA or cosuppression molecule selectively decreases or inhibits the expression of the gene compared to a control plant. Alternatively, a RNAi, snRNA, dsRNA, siRNA, miRNA, ta-siRNA, amiRNA or cosuppression molecule targets a

OTUB1 nucleic acid sequence when the RNAi, shRNA snRNA, dsRNA, siRNA, miRNA, ta-siRNA, amiRNA or co-suppression molecule hybridises under stringent conditions to the gene transcript. In one example, the plant expresses a nucleic acid construct comprising an RNAi, wherein the sequence of the RNAi comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 210 or a functional variant thereof, as defined herein. There is also provided the use of this nucleic acid construct comprising an RNAi, wherein the sequence of the RNAi comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 210 or a functional variant thereof to reduce or abolish (but preferably reduce) the expression of OTUB1 and consequently increase grain yield, as described above.

A further approach to gene silencing is by targeting nucleic acid sequences complementary to the regulatory region of the gene (e.g., the promoter and/or enhancers) of OTUB1 to form triple helical structures that prevent transcription of the gene in target cells. Other methods, such as the use of antibodies directed to an endogenous polypeptide for inhibiting its function in planta, or interference in the signaling pathway in which a polypeptide is involved, will be well known to the skilled man. In particular, it can be envisaged that manmade molecules may be useful for inhibiting the biological function of a target polypeptide, or for interfering with the signaling pathway in which the target polypeptide is involved.

In one embodiment, the suppressor nucleic acids may be anti-sense suppressors of expression of the OTUB1 polypeptides. In using anti-sense sequences to down-regulate gene expression, a nucleotide sequence is placed under the control of a promoter in a “reverse orientation” such that transcription yields RNA which is complementary to normal mRNA transcribed from the “sense” strand of the target gene.

An anti-sense suppressor nucleic acid may comprise an anti-sense sequence of at least 10 nucleotides from the target nucleotide sequence. It may be preferable that there is complete sequence identity in the sequence used for down-regulation of expression of a target sequence, and the target sequence, although total complementarity or similarity of sequence is not essential. One or more nucleotides may differ in the sequence used from the target gene. Thus, a sequence employed in a down-regulation of gene expression in accordance with the present invention may be a wild-type sequence (e.g. gene) selected from those available, or a variant of such a sequence.

The sequence need not include an open reading frame or specify an RNA that would be translatable. It may be preferred for there to be sufficient homology for the respective anti-sense and sense RNA molecules to hybridise. There may be down regulation of gene expression even where there is about 5%, 10%, 15% or 20% or more mismatch between the sequence used and the target gene. Effectively, the homology should be sufficient for the down-regulation of gene expression to take place.

Suppressor nucleic acids may be operably linked to tissue-specific or inducible promoters. For example, integument and seed specific promoters can be used to specifically down-regulate an OTUB1 nucleic acid in developing ovules and seeds to increase final seed size.

Nucleic acid which suppresses expression of an OTUB1 polypeptide as described herein may be operably linked to a heterologous regulatory-sequence, such as a promoter, for example a constitutive, inducible, tissue-specific or developmental specific promoter. The construct or vector may be transformed into plant cells and expressed as described herein. Plant cells comprising such vectors are also within the scope of the invention.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a silencing construct obtainable or obtained by a method as described herein and to a plant cell comprising such construct.

Thus, aspects of the invention involve targeted mutagenesis methods, specifically genome editing, and in a preferred embodiment exclude embodiments that are solely based on generating plants by traditional breeding methods.

In a further embodiment, the method may comprise reducing and/or abolishing the activity of OTUB1. In one example this may comprise reducing OTUB1's ability to interact with UBC13 by reducing and/or abolishing its inhibition as described herein and/or reduce OTUB1's ability to deubiquitinase SPL14, leading to the accumulation of SPL14.

In another aspect, the invention extends to a plant obtained or obtainable by a method as described herein.

In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of increasing cell proliferation in the spikelet hull of a plant, preferably in the grain-length direction and/or decreasing cell number in the grain-width direction, resulting in a decrease in cell length but an increase in cell width, the method comprising reducing or abolishing the expression of at least one nucleic acid encoding OTUB1 polypeptide and/or reducing the activity of a OTUB1 polypeptide in said plant using any of the methods described herein. The terms “increase”, “improve” or “enhance” as used herein are interchangeable. In one embodiment, cell proliferation is increased by at least 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% in comparison to a control plant.

Genetically Altered or Modified Plants and Methods of Producing Such Plants

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a genetically altered plant, part thereof or plant cell characterised in that the plant does not express OTUB1, has reduced levels of OTUB1 expression, does not express a functional OTUB1 protein or expresses a OTUB1 protein with reduced function and/or activity. For example, the plant is a reduction (knock down) or loss of function (knock out) mutant wherein the function of the OTUB1 nucleic acid sequence is reduced or lost compared to a wild type control plant. Preferably, the plant is a knock down and not a knock out, meaning that the plant has reduced levels of OTUB1 expression or expresses a OTUB1 protein with reduced function and/or activity. To this end, a mutation is introduced into either the OTUB1 gene sequence or the corresponding promoter sequence which disrupts the transcription of the gene. Therefore, preferably said plant comprises at least one mutation in the promoter and/or gene for OTUB1. In one embodiment the plant may comprise a mutation in both the promoter and gene for OTUB1.

In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a plant, part thereof or plant cell characterised by an increased grain yield compared to a wild-type or control pant, wherein preferably, the plant comprises at least one mutation in the OTUB1 gene and/or its promoter. Preferably said increase in grain yield comprises an increase in grain number, grain number per panicle, grain weight, grain width, grain thickness, thousand kernel weight and/or a decrease in grain length.

The plant may be produced by introducing a mutation, preferably a deletion, insertion or substitution into the OTUB1 gene and/or promoter sequence by any of the above described methods. Preferably said mutation is introduced into a least one plant cell and a plant regenerated from the at least one mutated plant cell.

Alternatively, the plant or plant cell may comprise a nucleic acid construct expressing an RNAi molecule targeting the OTUB1 gene as described herein. In one example, the sequence of the RNAi comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 210 or a variant thereof, as defined herein. In one embodiment, said construct is stably incorporated into the plant genome. These techniques also include gene targeting using vectors that target the gene of interest and which allows for integration of a transgene at a specific site. The targeting construct is engineered to recombine with the target gene, which is accomplished by incorporating sequences from the gene itself into the construct. Recombination then occurs in the region of that sequence within the gene, resulting in the insertion of a foreign sequence to disrupt the gene. With its sequence interrupted, the altered gene will be translated into a nonfunctional protein, if it is translated at all.

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method for producing a genetically altered plant as described herein. In one embodiment, the method comprises introducing at least one mutation into the OTUB1 gene and/or OTUB1 promoter of preferably at least one plant cell using any mutagenesis technique described herein. Preferably said method further comprising regenerating a plant from the mutated plant cell.

The method may further comprise selecting one or more mutated plants, preferably for further propagation. Preferably said selected plants comprise at least one mutation in the OTUB1 gene and/or promoter sequence. Preferably said plants are characterised by abolished or a reduced level of OTUB1 expression and/or a reduced level of OTUB1 polypeptide activity. Expression and/or activity levels of OTUB1 can be measured by any standard technique known to the skilled person. In one embodiment the deubiquitinase activity of OTUB1 could be measured. A reduction is as described herein.

The selected plants may be propagated by a variety of means, such as by clonal propagation or classical breeding techniques. For example, a first generation (or T1) transformed plant may be selfed and homozygous second-generation (or T2) transformants selected, and the T2 plants may then further be propagated through classical breeding techniques. The generated transformed organisms may take a variety of forms. For example, they may be chimeras of transformed cells and non-transformed cells; clonal transformants (e.g., all cells transformed to contain the expression cassette); grafts of transformed and untransformed tissues (e.g., in plants, a transformed rootstock grafted to an untransformed scion).

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a plant obtained or obtainable by the above described methods.

For the purposes of the invention, a “genetically altered plant” or “mutant plant” is a plant that has been genetically altered compared to the naturally occurring wild type (WT) plant. In one embodiment, a mutant plant is a plant that has been altered compared to the naturally occurring wild type (WT) plant using a mutagenesis method, such as any of the mutagenesis methods described herein. In one embodiment, the mutagenesis method is targeted genome modification or genome editing. In one embodiment, the plant genome has been altered compared to wild type sequences using a mutagenesis method. Such plants have an altered phenotype as described herein, such as an increased seed yield. Therefore, in this example, increased seed yield is conferred by the presence of an altered plant genome, for example, a mutated endogenous OTUB1 gene or OTUB1 promoter sequence. In one embodiment, the endogenous promoter or gene sequence is specifically targeted using targeted genome modification and the presence of a mutated gene or promoter sequence is not conferred by the presence of transgenes expressed in the plant. In other words, the genetically altered plant can be described as transgene-free.

A plant according to the various aspects of the invention, including the transgenic plants, methods and uses described herein may be a monocot or a dicot plant. Preferably, the plant is a crop plant. By crop plant is meant any plant which is grown on a commercial scale for human or animal consumption or use. In a preferred embodiment, the plant is a cereal. In another embodiment the plant is Arabidopsis.

In a most preferred embodiment, the plant is selected from rice, wheat, maize, barley, brassica, such as Brassica Napus, soybean and sorghum. In one example, the wheat is wild einkorn wheat. In another example, the plant is rice, preferably the japonica or indica varieties. In another embodiment, the plant carries a mutant dep-1 allele or a functional variant or homologue thereof. Preferably, the plant (endogenously) carries or expresses a nucleic acid sequence comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 156 or 158 that encodes a polypeptide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 157 or 159.

The term “plant” as used herein encompasses whole plants, ancestors and progeny of the plants and plant parts, including seeds, fruit, shoots, stems, leaves, roots (including tubers), flowers, tissues and organs, wherein each of the aforementioned comprise the nucleic acid construct as described herein. The term “plant” also encompasses plant cells, suspension cultures, callus tissue, embryos, meristematic regions, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen and microspores, again wherein each of the aforementioned comprises the nucleic acid construct as described herein.

The invention also extends to harvestable parts of a plant of the invention as described herein, but not limited to seeds, leaves, fruits, flowers, stems, roots, rhizomes, tubers and bulbs. The aspects of the invention also extend to products derived, preferably directly derived, from a harvestable part of such a plant, such as dry pellets or powders, oil, fat and fatty acids, starch or proteins. Another product that may derived from the harvestable parts of the plant of the invention is biodiesel. The invention also relates to food products and food supplements comprising the plant of the invention or parts thereof. In one embodiment, the food products may be animal feed. In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a product derived from a plant as described herein or from a part thereof.

In a most preferred embodiment, the plant part or harvestable product is a seed or grain. Therefore, in a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a seed produced from a genetically altered plant as described herein. In an alternative embodiment, the plant part is pollen, a propagule or progeny of the genetically altered plant described herein. Accordingly, in a further aspect of the invention there is provided pollen, a propagule or progeny of the genetically altered plant as described herein.

A control plant as used herein according to all of the aspects of the invention is a plant which has not been modified according to the methods of the invention. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the control plant does not have reduced expression of a OTUB1 nucleic acid and/or reduced activity of a OTUB1 polypeptide. In an alternative embodiment, the plant been genetically modified, as described above. In one embodiment, the control plant is a wild type plant. The control plant is typically of the same plant species, preferably having the same genetic background as the modified plant.

Genome Editing Constructs for Use with the Methods for Targeted Genome Modification Described Herein

By “crRNA” or CRISPR RNA is meant the sequence of RNA that contains the protospacer element and additional nucleotides that are complementary to the tracrRNA.

By “tracrRNA” (transactivating RNA) is meant the sequence of RNA that hybridises to the crRNA and binds a CRISPR enzyme, such as Cas9 thereby activating the nuclease complex to introduce double-stranded breaks at specific sites within the genomic sequence of at least one OTUB1 nucleic acid or promoter sequence.

By “protospacer element” is meant the portion of crRNA (or sgRNA) that is complementary to the genomic DNA target sequence, usually around 20 nucleotides in length. This may also be known as a spacer or targeting sequence.

By “sgRNA” (single-guide RNA) is meant the combination of tracrRNA and crRNA in a single RNA molecule, preferably also including a linker loop (that links the tracrRNA and crRNA into a single molecule).“sgRNA” may also be referred to as “gRNA” and in the present context, the terms are interchangeable. The sgRNA or gRNA provide both targeting specificity and scaffolding/binding ability for a Cas nuclease. A gRNA may refer to a dual RNA molecule comprising a crRNA molecule and a tracrRNA molecule.

By “TAL effector” (transcription activator-like (TAL) effector) or TALE is meant a protein sequence that can bind the genomic DNA target sequence (a sequence within the OTUB1 gene or promoter sequence) and that can be fused to the cleavage domain of an endonuclease such as FokI to create TAL effector nucleases or TALENS or meganucleases to create megaTALs. A TALE protein is composed of a central domain that is responsible for DNA binding, a nuclear-localisation signal and a domain that activates target gene transcription. The DNA-binding domain consists of monomers and each monomer can bind one nucleotide in the target nucleotide sequence. Monomers are tandem repeats of 33-35 amino acids, of which the two amino acids located at positions 12 and 13 are highly variable (repeat variable diresidue, RVD). It is the RVDs that are responsible for the recognition of a single specific nucleotide. HD targets cytosine; NI targets adenine, NG targets thymine and NN targets guanine (although NN can also bind to adenine with lower specificity).

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a nucleic acid construct wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence that encodes at least one

DNA-binding domain. In one embodiment, the DNA-binding domain can bind to a sequence in the OTUB1 gene and/or promoter. Preferably said sequence is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 28, 34, 38, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 106, 110, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 138, 142 and 146. In this example, SEQ ID NOs: 28 (rice), 34 (rice), 38 (rice), 102 (wheat), 106 (wheat), 110 (barley), 114 (barley), 118 (maize), 122 (maize), 126 (sorghum), 130 (sorghum), 134 (soybean), 138 (soybean), 142(brassica) and 146 (brassica) are target sequences in a OTUB1 gene, and SEQ ID NOs: 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96 and 99 are target sequences in the OTUB1 promoter, preferably the rice promoter. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises one or more DNA-binding domains, such that the construct can bind to one or more, preferably at least two or three sequences in the OTUB1 gene, wherein the sequences are selected from

-   -   (i) SEQ ID NOs: 28 (rice), 34 (rice), and 38 (rice);     -   (ii) SEQ ID NOs: 102 (wheat) and 106 (wheat);     -   (iii) SEQ ID NOs: 110 (barley) and 114 (barley);     -   (iv) SEQ ID NOs: 118 (maize) and 122 (maize);     -   (v) SEQ ID NOs: 126 (sorghum) and 130 (sorghum);     -   (vi) SEQ ID NOs: 134 (soybean) and 138 (soybean); or     -   (vii) SEQ ID NOs: 142(brassica) and 146 (brassica).

In an alternative or additional embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises one or more DNA-binding domains, wherein the one or more DNA-binding domains can bind to at least one sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96 and 99.

In a further embodiment, said construct further comprises a nucleic acid encoding a SSN, such as FokI or a Cas protein.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct encodes at least one protospacer element wherein the sequence of the protospacer element is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 29, 35, 39, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 58, 61, 64, 67, 70, 73, 76, 82, 85, 88, 91, 94, 97, 100, 103, 107, 111, 115, 119, 123, 127, 131, 135, 139, 143 and 147 or a variant thereof. In on example, the nucleic acid construct may comprise one, two or three protospacer sequences, wherein the sequence of the protospacer sequences is selected from

-   -   (i) SEQ ID NOs: 29 (rice), 35 (rice), and 39 (rice);     -   (ii) SEQ ID NOs: 103 (wheat) and 107 (wheat);     -   (iii) SEQ ID NOs: 111 (barley) and 115 (barley);     -   (iv) SEQ ID NOs: 119 (maize) and 123 (maize);     -   (v) SEQ ID NOs: 125 (sorghum) and 131 (sorghum);     -   (vi) SEQ ID NOs: 135 (soybean) and 139 (soybean); and     -   (vii) SEQ ID NOs: 143 (brassica) and 147 (brassica).

In a further embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises a crRNA-encoding sequence. As defined above, a crRNA sequence may comprise the protospacer elements as defined above and preferably additional nucleotides that are complementary to the tracrRNA. An appropriate sequence for the additional nucleotides will be known to the skilled person as these are defined by the choice of Cas protein.

In another embodiment, the nucleic acid construct further comprises a tracrRNA sequence. Again, an appropriate tracrRNA sequence would be known to the skilled person as this sequence is defined by the choice of Cas protein. Nonetheless, in one embodiment said sequence comprises or consists of a sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO: 30 or a variant thereof.

In a further embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises at least one nucleic acid sequence that encodes a sgRNA (or gRNA). Again, as already discussed, sgRNA typically comprises a crRNA sequence or protospacer sequence and a tracrRNA sequence and preferably a sequence for a linker loop. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises at least one nucleic acid sequence that encodes a sgRNA sequence as defined in any of SEQ ID NOs: 31, 36, 40, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 74, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89, 92, 95, 98, 101, 104, 108, 112, 116, 120, 124, 128, 132, 136, 140, 144 and 148 or variant thereof.

In a further embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises or consists of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 33, 37, 41, 105, 109, 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 137, 141, 145 and 149.

In a further embodiment, the nucleic acid construct may further comprise at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding an endoribonuclease cleavage site. Preferably the endoribonuclease is Csy4 (also known as Cas6f). Where the nucleic acid construct comprises multiple sgRNA nucleic acid sequences the construct may comprise the same number of endoribonuclease cleavage sites. In another embodiment, the cleavage site is 5′ of the sgRNA nucleic acid sequence. Accordingly, each sgRNA nucleic acid sequence is flanked by a endoribonuclease cleavage site.

The term ‘variant’ refers to a nucleotide sequence where the nucleotides are substantially identical to one of the above sequences. The variant may be achieved by modifications such as insertion, substitution or deletion of one or more nucleotides. In a preferred embodiment, the variant has at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% identity to any one of the above described sequences. In one embodiment, sequence identity is at least 90%. In another embodiment, sequence identity is 100%. Sequence identity can be determined by any one known sequence alignment program in the art.

The invention also relates to a nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a suitable plant promoter. A suitable plant promoter may be a constitutive or strong promoter or may be a tissues-specific promoter. In one embodiment, suitable plant promoters are selected from, but not limited to, cestrum yellow leaf curling virus (CmYLCV) promoter or switchgrass ubiquitin 1 promoter (PvUbi1) wheat U6 RNA polymerase III (TaU6) CaMV35S, wheat U6 or maize ubiquitin (e.g. Ubi1) promoters. Alternatively, expression can be specifically directed to particular tissues of wheat seeds through gene expression-regulating sequences. In one embodiment, the promoter is selected from the U3 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 163), the U6a promoter (SEQ ID NO: 164), the U6b promoter (SEQ ID NO: 165), the U3b promoter in dicot plants (SEQ ID NO: 166) and the U6-1 promoter in dicot plants (SEQ ID NO: 167).

The nucleic acid construct of the present invention may also further comprise a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a CRISPR enzyme. By “CRISPR enzyme” is meant an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease that can associate with the CRISPR system. Specifically, such an enzyme binds to the tracrRNA sequence. In one embodiment, the CRIPSR enzyme is a Cas protein (“CRISPR associated protein), preferably Cas 9 or Cpf1, more preferably Cas9. In a specific embodiment Cas9 is codon-optimised Cas9 (optimised for the plant in which it is expressed). In one example, Cas9 has the sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 150 or a functional variant or homolog thereof. In another embodiment, the CRISPR enzyme is a protein from the family of Class 2 candidate x proteins, such as C2c1, C2C2 and/or C2c3. In one embodiment, the Cas protein is from Streptococcus pyogenes. In an alternative embodiment, the Cas protein may be from any one of Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus thermophiles or Treponema denticola.

The term “functional variant” as used herein with reference to Cas9 refers to a variant Cas9 gene sequence or part of the gene sequence which retains the biological function of the full non-variant sequence, for example, acts as a DNA endonuclease, or recognition or/and binding to DNA. A functional variant also comprises a variant of the gene of interest which has sequence alterations that do not affect function, for example non-conserved residues. Also encompassed is a variant that is substantially identical, i.e. has only some sequence variations, for example in non-conserved residues, compared to the wild type sequences as shown herein and is biologically active. In one embodiment, a functional variant of SEQ ID NO: 150 has at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% overall sequence identity to the amino acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 150. In a further embodiment, the Cas9 protein has been modified to improve activity.

Suitable homologs or orthologs can be identified by sequence comparisons and identifications of conserved domains. The function of the homolog or ortholog can be identified as described herein and a skilled person would thus be able to confirm the function when expressed in a plant.

In a further embodiment, the Cas9 protein has been modified to improve activity. For example, in one embodiment, the Cas9 protein may comprise the D10A amino acid substitution, this nickase cleaves only the DNA strand that is complementary to and recognized by the gRNA. In an alternative embodiment, the Cas9 protein may alternatively or additionally comprise the H840A amino acid substitution, this nickase cleaves only the DNA strand that does not interact with the sRNA. In this embodiment, Cas9 may be used with a pair (i.e. two) sgRNA molecules (or a construct expressing such a pair) and as a result can cleave the target region on the opposite DNA strand, with the possibility of improving specificity by 100-1500 fold. In a further embodiment, the cas9 protein may comprise a D1135E substitution. The Cas 9 protein may also be the VQR variant. Alternatively, the Cas protein may be comprise a mutation in both nuclease domains, HNH and RuvC0like and therefore is catalytically inactive. Rather than cleaving the target strand, this catalytically inactive Cas protein can be used to prevent the transcription elongation process, leading to a loss of function of incompletely translated proteins when co-expressed with a sgRNA molecule. An example of a catalytically inactive protein is dead Cas9 (dCas9) caused by a point mutation in RuvC and/or the HNH nuclease domains (Komor et al., 2016 and Nishida et al., 2016).

In a further embodiment, a Cas protein, such as Cas9 may be further fused with a repression effector, such as a histone-modifying/DNA methylation enzyme or a Cytidine deaminase (Komor et al.2016) to effect site-directed mutagenesis. In the latter, the cytidine deaminase enzyme does not induce dsDNA breaks, but mediates the conversion of cytidine to uridine, thereby effecting a C to T (or G to A) substitution. These approaches may be particularly valuable to target glutamine and proline residues in gliadins, to break the toxic epitopes while conserving gliadin functionality.

In a further embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises an endoribonuclease. Preferably the endoribonuclease is Csy4 (also known as Cas6f) and more preferably a codon optimised csy4, for example as defined in SEQ ID NO: 168. In one embodiment, where the nucleic acid construct comprises a cas protein, the nucleic acid construct may comprise sequences for the expression of an endoribonuclease, such as Csy4 expressed as a 5′ terminal P2A fusion (used as a self-cleaving peptide) to a cas protein, such as Cas9, for example, as defined in SEQ ID NO: 169.

In one embodiment, the cas protein, the endoribonuclease and/or the endoribonuclease-cas fusion sequence may be operably linked to a suitable plant promoter. Suitable plant promoters are already described above, but in one embodiment, may be the Zea mays Ubiquitin 1 promoter.

Suitable methods for producing the CRISPR nucleic acids and vectors system are known, and for example are published in Molecular Plant (Ma et al., 2015, Molecular Plant, DOI:10.1016/j.molp.2015.04.007), which is incorporated herein by reference.

In an alternative aspect of the invention, the nucleic acid construct comprises at least one nucleic acid sequence that encodes a TAL effector, wherein said effector targets a OTUB1 gene and/or promoter sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 28, 34, 38, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 106, 110, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 138, 142 and 146. Methods for designing a TAL effector would be well known to the skilled person, given the target sequence. Examples of suitable methods are given in Sanjana et al., and Cermak T et al, both incorporated herein by reference. Preferably, said nucleic acid construct comprises two nucleic acid sequences encoding a TAL effector, to produce a TALEN pair. In a further embodiment, the nucleic acid construct further comprises a sequence-specific nuclease (SSN). Preferably such SSN is a endonuclease such as FokI. In a further embodiment, the TALENs are assembled by the Golden Gate cloning method in a single plasmid or nucleic acid construct.

In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a sgRNA molecule, wherein the sgRNA molecule comprises a crRNA sequence and a tracrRNA sequence and wherein the crRNA sequence can bind to at least one sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 28, 34, 38, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99, 102, 106, 110, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 138, 142 and 146 or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, the nucleic sequence of the sgRNA molecule is defined in any of SEQ ID NO: 31, 36, 40, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 74, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89, 92, 95, 98, 101, 104, 108, 112, 116, 120, 124, 128, 132, 136, 140, 144 and 148 or variant thereof. In other words, the RNA sequence of the sgRNA is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 31, 36, 40, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 74, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89, 92, 95, 98, 101, 104, 108, 112, 116, 120, 124, 128, 132, 136, 140, 144 and 148. In one example only, the RNA sequence of one sgRNA of the invention is defined in SEQ ID NO: 32 or a variant thereof. A “variant” is as defined herein. In one embodiment, the sgRNA molecule may comprise at least one chemical modification, for example that enhances its stability and/or binding affinity to the target sequence or the crRNA sequence to the tracrRNA sequence. Such modifications would be well known to the skilled person, and include for example, but not limited to, the modifications described in Randar et al., 2015, incorporated herein by reference. In this example the crRNA may comprise a phosphorothioate backbone modification, such as 2′-fluoro (2′-F), 2′-O-methyl (2′-O-Me) and S-constrained ethyl (cET) substitutions.

In another aspect of the invention, there is provided an isolated nucleic acid sequence that encodes for a protospacer element (as defined in any of SEQ ID NOs: 29, 35, 39, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 58, 61, 64, 67, 70, 73, 76, 82, 85, 88, 91, 94, 97, 100, 103, 107, 111, 115, 119, 123, 127, 131, 135, 139, 143 and 147), or a sgRNA (as described in any of SEQ ID NO: 31, 36, 40, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 74, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89, 92, 95, 98, 101, 104, 108, 112, 116, 120, 124, 128, 132, 136, 140, 144 and 148).

In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a plant or part thereof or at least one isolated plant cell transfected with at least one nucleic acid construct as described herein. Cas9 and sgRNA may be combined or in separate expression vectors (or nucleic acid constructs, such terms are used interchangeably). In other words, in one embodiment, an isolated plant cell is transfected with a single nucleic acid construct comprising both sgRNA and Cas9 as described in detail above. In an alternative embodiment, an isolated plant cell is transfected with two nucleic acid constructs, a first nucleic acid construct comprising at least one sgRNA as defined above and a second nucleic acid construct comprising Cas9 or a functional variant or homolog thereof. The second nucleic acid construct may be transfected below, after or concurrently with the first nucleic acid construct. The advantage of a separate, second construct comprising a cas protein is that the nucleic acid construct encoding at least one sgRNA can be paired with any type of cas protein, as described herein, and therefore are not limited to a single cas function (as would be the case when both cas and sgRNA are encoded on the same nucleic acid construct).

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprising a cas protein is transfected first and is stably incorporated into the genome, before the second transfection with a nucleic acid construct comprising at least one sgRNA nucleic acid. In an alternative embodiment, a plant or part thereof or at least one isolated plant cell is transfected with mRNA encoding a cas protein and co-transfected with at least one nucleic acid construct as defined herein.

Cas9 expression vectors for use in the present invention can be constructed as described in the art. In one example, the expression vector comprises a nucleic acid sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO: 150 or a functional variant or homolog thereof, wherein said nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a suitable promoter. Examples of suitable promoters include the Actin, CaMV35S, wheat U6 or maize ubiquitin (e.g. Ubi1) promoter.

In an alternative aspect of the present invention, there is provided an isolated plant cell transfected with at least one nucleic acid construct or sgRNA molecule as described herein.

In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a genetically modified or edited plant comprising the transfected cell described herein. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct or constructs may be integrated in a stable form. In an alternative embodiment, the nucleic acid construct or constructs are not integrated (i.e. are transiently expressed). Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the genetically modified plant is free of any sgRNA and/or Cas protein nucleic acid. In other words, the plant is transgene free.

The term “introduction”, “transfection” or “transformation” as referred to herein encompasses the transfer of an exogenous polynucleotide into a host cell, irrespective of the method used for transfer. Plant tissue capable of subsequent clonal propagation, whether by organogenesis or embryogenesis, may be transformed with a genetic construct of the present invention and a whole plant regenerated there from. The particular tissue chosen will vary depending on the clonal propagation systems available for, and best suited to, the particular species being transformed. Exemplary tissue targets include leaf disks, pollen, embryos, cotyledons, hypocotyls, megagametophytes, callus tissue, existing meristematic tissue (e.g., apical meristem, axillary buds, and root meristems), and induced meristem tissue (e.g., cotyledon meristem and hypocotyl meristem). The resulting transformed plant cell may then be used to regenerate a transformed plant in a manner known to persons skilled in the art. The transfer of foreign genes into the genome of a plant is called transformation. Transformation of plants is now a routine technique in many species. Any of several transformation methods known to the skilled person may be used to introduce the nucleic acid construct or sgRNA molecule of interest into a suitable ancestor cell. The methods described for the transformation and regeneration of plants from plant tissues or plant cells may be utilized for transient or for stable transformation.

Transformation methods include the use of liposomes, electroporation, chemicals that increase free DNA uptake, injection of the DNA directly into the plant (microinjection), gene guns (or biolistic particle delivery systems (bioloistics)) as described in the examples, lipofection, transformation using viruses or pollen and microprojection. Methods may be selected from the calcium/polyethylene glycol method for protoplasts, ultrasound-mediated gene transfection, optical or laser transfection, transfection using silicon carbide fibers, electroporation of protoplasts, microinjection into plant material, DNA or RNA-coated particle bombardment, infection with (non-integrative) viruses and the like. Transgenic plants, can also be produced via Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation, including but not limited to using the floral dip/Agrobacterium vacuum infiltration method as described in Clough & Bent (1998) and incorporated herein by reference.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, at least one nucleic acid construct or sgRNA molecule as described herein can be introduced to at least one plant cell using any of the above described methods. In an alternative embodiment, any of the nucleic acid constructs described herein may be first transcribed to form a preassembled Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein and then delivered to at least one plant cell using any of the above described methods, such as lipofection, electroporation or microinjection.

Optionally, to select transformed plants, the plant material obtained in the transformation is, as a rule, subjected to selective conditions so that transformed plants can be distinguished from untransformed plants. For example, the seeds obtained in the above-described manner can be planted and, after an initial growing period, subjected to a suitable selection by spraying. A further possibility is growing the seeds, if appropriate after sterilization, on agar plates using a suitable selection agent so that only the transformed seeds can grow into plants. As described in the examples, a suitable marker can be bar-phosphinothricin or PPT. Alternatively, the transformed plants are screened for the presence of a selectable marker, such as, but not limited to, GFP, GUS (β-glucuronidase). Other examples would be readily known to the skilled person. Alternatively, no selection is performed, and the seeds obtained in the above-described manner are planted and grown and OTUB1 expression or protein levels measured at an appropriate time using standard techniques in the art. This alternative, which avoids the introduction of transgenes, is preferable to produce transgene-free plants.

Following DNA transfer and regeneration, putatively transformed plants may also be evaluated, for instance using PCR to detect the presence of the gene of interest, copy number and/or genomic organisation. Alternatively or additionally, integration and expression levels of the newly introduced DNA may be monitored using Southern, Northern and/or Western analysis, both techniques being well known to persons having ordinary skill in the art.

The generated transformed plants may be propagated by a variety of means, such as by clonal propagation or classical breeding techniques. For example, a first generation (or T1) transformed plant may be selfed and homozygous second-generation (or T2) transformants selected, and the T2 plants may then further be propagated through classical breeding techniques.

In a further related aspect of the invention, there is also provided, a method of obtaining a genetically modified plant as described herein, the method comprising

-   -   a. selecting a part of the plant;     -   b. transfecting at least one cell of the part of the plant of         paragraph (a) with at least one nucleic acid construct as         described herein or at least one sgRNA molecule as described         herein, using the transfection or transformation techniques         described above;     -   c. regenerating at least one plant derived from the transfected         cell or cells;     -   d. selecting one or more plants obtained according to         paragraph (c) that show silencing or reduced expression of         OTUB1.

In a further embodiment, the method also comprises the step of screening the genetically modified plant for SSN (preferably CRISPR)-induced mutations in the OTUB1 gene or promoter sequence. In one embodiment, the method comprises obtaining a DNA sample from a transformed plant and carrying out DNA amplification to detect a mutation in at least one OTUB1 gene or promoter sequence.

In a further embodiment, the methods comprise generating stable T2 plants preferably homozygous for the mutation (that is a mutation in in at least one OTUB1 gene or promoter sequence).

Plants that have a mutation in at least one OTUB1 gene or promoter sequence can also be crossed with another plant also containing at least one mutation in at least one OTUB1 gene or promoter sequence to obtain plants with additional mutations in the OTUB1 gene or promoter sequence. The combinations will be apparent to the skilled person. Accordingly, this method can be used to generate a T2 plants with mutations on all or an increased number of homoelogs, when compared to the number of homoeolog mutations in a single T1 plant transformed as described above.

A plant obtained or obtainable by the methods described above is also within the scope of the invention.

A genetically altered plant of the present invention may also be obtained by transference of any of the sequences of the invention by crossing, e.g., using pollen of the genetically altered plant described herein to pollinate a wild-type or control plant, or pollinating the gynoecia of plants described herein with other pollen that does not contain a mutation in at least one of the OTUB1 gene or promoter sequence. The methods for obtaining the plant of the invention are not exclusively limited to those described in this paragraph; for example, genetic transformation of germ cells from the ear of wheat could be carried out as mentioned, but without having to regenerate a plant afterward.

Method of Screening Plants for Naturally Occurring Increased Grain Yield Phenotypes

In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for screening a population of plants and identifying and/or selecting a plant that will have reduced OTUB1 expression and/or an increased grain yield phenotype, preferably an increased grain number, grain number per panicle, grain weight, grain width, grain thickness, thousand kernel weight and/or a decrease in grain length (compared to a control or wild-type plant), the method comprising detecting in the plant or plant germplasm at least one polymorphism (preferably a “low OTUB1 expresser polymorphism) in the promoter of the OTUB1 gene or the OTUB1 gene. Preferably, said screening comprises determining the presence of at least one polymorphism, wherein said polymorphism is at least one insertion and/or at least one deletion and/or substitution.

In one specific embodiment, said polymorphism may comprise the substitution of at least one of the following:

-   -   C to Tat position 1135 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 5;     -   G to C at position 1462 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 5; and/or     -   G to C at position1798 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 5

In a further additional or alternative embodiment, said polymorphism is the insertion of a single amino acid, preferably, T, at position 2234 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 5.

In a further additional or alternative embodiment, said polymorphism may be a G to A substitution at position 1824 of SEQ ID NO: 155.

As a result, the above-described plants will display an increased grain yield phenotype as described above.

Suitable tests for assessing the presence of a polymorphism would be well known to the skilled person, and include but are not limited to, Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs—which are also referred to as Microsatellites), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). In one embodiment, Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) genotyping is used.

In one embodiment, the method comprises

a) obtaining a nucleic acid sample from a plant and

b) carrying out nucleic acid amplification of one or more OTUB1 promoter alleles using one or more primer pairs.

In a further embodiment, the method may further comprise introgressing the chromosomal region comprising at least one of said low-OTUB1-expressing polymorphisms or the chromosomal region containing the repeat sequence deletion as described above into a second plant or plant germplasm to produce an introgressed plant or plant germplasm. Preferably the expression of OTUB1 in said second plant will be reduced or abolished (compared to a control or wild-type plant), and more preferably said second plant will display an increase in grain yield, preferably an increase in at least one of grain number, grain number per panicle, grain weight, grain width, grain thickness, thousand kernel weight and/or a decrease in grain length.

In one embodiment, the plant may endogenously express SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 and the levels of OTUB1 nucleic acid and/or activity of the OTUB1 protein reduced or further reduced by any method described herein.

Accordingly, in a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method for increasing yield, preferably seed or grain yield in a plant, the method comprising

-   -   a. screening a population of plants for at least one plant with         at least one of the above described polymorphisms;     -   b. further reducing or abolishing the expression of at least one         OTUB1 nucleic acid and/or reducing the activity of a OTUB1         polypeptide in said plant by introducing at least one mutation         into the nucleic acid sequence encoding OTUB1 or at least one         mutation into the promoter of OTUB1 as described herein or using         RNA interference as described herein.

By “further reducing” is meant reducing the level of OTUB1 expression to a level lower than that in the plant with the at least one of the above-described OTUB1 polymorphisms. The terms “reducing” means a decrease in the levels of OTUB1 expression and/or activity by up to 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% when compared to the level in a control plant.

UBC13

The inventors have also surprisingly identified that increasing the expression of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating protein, UBC13, results in a phenotype similar to that observed in plants carrying the npt1 allele, such as increased grain number, thousand kernel weight and culm diameter and a decrease in tiller number. Accordingly, overexpression of

UBC13 will also increase grain yield. Therefore, in a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of modifying, preferably increasing the levels of at least one SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SBP-domain) transcription factor, the method comprising increasing the expression or activity of UBC13 as described herein or decreasing or abolishing the expression or activity of OTUB1, as described herein. In one embodiment, the SBP-domain transcription factor is SPL14.

The terms “increase”, “improve” or “enhance” as used herein are interchangeable. In one embodiment, grain length is increased by at least 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% compared to a control plant. Preferably, the increase is at least 5-50%.

Accordingly, in another aspect of the invention there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide as defined in SEQ ID NO: 161 or a functional variant or homolog thereof, wherein said sequence is operably linked to a regulatory sequence, wherein preferably said regulatory sequence is a tissue-specific promoter or a constitutive promoter. In a further embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence as defined in SEQ ID NO: 160 (cDNA) or 162 (genomic) or a functional variant or homolog thereof. A functional variant or homolog is as defined above.

The term “operably linked” as used herein refers to a functional linkage between the promoter sequence and the gene of interest, such that the promoter sequence is able to initiate transcription of the gene of interest.

A “plant promoter” comprises regulatory elements, which mediate the expression of a coding sequence segment in plant cells. Accordingly, a plant promoter need not be of plant origin, but may originate from viruses or micro-organisms, for example from viruses which attack plant cells. The “plant promoter” can also originate from a plant cell, e.g. from the plant which is transformed with the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed in the inventive process and described herein. This also applies to other “plant” regulatory signals, such as “plant” terminators. The promoters upstream of the nucleotide sequences useful in the methods of the present invention can be modified by one or more nucleotide substitution(s), insertion(s) and/or deletion(s) without interfering with the functionality or activity of either the promoters, the open reading frame (ORF) or the 3′-regulatory region such as terminators or other 3′ regulatory regions which are located away from the ORF. It is furthermore possible that the activity of the promoters is increased by modification of their sequence, or that they are replaced completely by more active promoters, even promoters from heterologous organisms. For expression in plants, the nucleic acid molecule must, as described above, be linked operably to or comprise a suitable promoter which expresses the gene at the right point in time and with the required spatial expression pattern. The term “operably linked” as used herein refers to a functional linkage between the promoter sequence and the gene of interest, such that the promoter sequence is able to initiate transcription of the gene of interest.

In one embodiment, the promoter is a constitutive promoter. A “constitutive promoter” refers to a promoter that is transcriptionally active during most, but not necessarily all, phases of growth and development and under most environmental conditions, in at least one cell, tissue or organ. Examples of constitutive promoters include but are not limited to actin, HMGP, CaMV19S, GOS2, rice cyclophilin, maize H3 histone, alfalfa H3 histone, 34S FMV, rubisco small subunit, OCS, SAD1, SAD2, nos, V-ATPase, super promoter, G-box proteins and synthetic promoters.

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a vector comprising the nucleic acid sequence described above.

In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a host cell comprising the nucleic acid construct. The host cell may be a bacterial cell, such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, or an isolated plant cell. The invention also relates to a culture medium or kit comprising a culture medium and an isolated host cell as described below.

In another embodiment, there is provided a transgenic plant expressing the nucleic acid construct as described above. In one embodiment, said nucleic acid construct is stably incorporated into the plant genome.

The nucleic acid sequence is introduced into said plant through a process called transformation as described above.

The generated transformed plants may be propagated by a variety of means, such as by clonal propagation or classical breeding techniques. For example, a first generation (or T1) transformed plant may be selfed and homozygous second-generation (or T2) transformants selected, and the T2 plants may then further be propagated through classical breeding techniques. The generated transformed organisms may take a variety of forms. For example, they may be chimeras of transformed cells and non-transformed cells; clonal transformants (e.g., all cells transformed to contain the expression cassette); grafts of transformed and untransformed tissues (e.g., in plants, a transformed rootstock grafted to an untransformed scion).

A suitable plant is defined above.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a nucleic acid construct as described herein to increase grain yield, preferably grain number and/or thousand kernel weight.

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method of increasing grain yield, preferably grain number and/or thousand kernel weight, the method comprising introducing and expressing in said plant the nucleic acid construct described herein.

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of producing a plant with increased grain yield, preferably grain number and/or thousand kernel weight, the method comprising introducing and expressing in said plant the nucleic acid construct described herein.

Said increase is relative to a control or wild-type plant.

While the foregoing disclosure provides a general description of the subject matter encompassed within the scope of the present invention, including methods, as well as the best mode thereof, of making and using this invention, the following examples are provided to further enable those skilled in the art to practice this invention and to provide a complete written description thereof. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the specifics of these examples should not be read as limiting on the invention, the scope of which should be apprehended from the claims and equivalents thereof appended to this disclosure. Various further aspects and embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure.

“and/or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. For example “A and/or B” is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of (i) A, (ii) B and (iii) A and B, just as if each is set out individually herein.

Unless context dictates otherwise, the descriptions and definitions of the features set out above are not limited to any particular aspect or embodiment of the invention and apply equally to all aspects and embodiments which are described.

The foregoing application, and all documents and sequence accession numbers cited therein or during their prosecution (“appln cited documents”) and all documents cited or referenced in the appln cited documents, and all documents cited or referenced herein (“herein cited documents”), and all documents cited or referenced in herein cited documents, together with any manufacturer's instructions, descriptions, product specifications, and product sheets for any products mentioned herein or in any document incorporated by reference herein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference, and may be employed in the practice of the invention. More specifically, all referenced documents are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual document was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

The invention is now described in the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLE 1

Achieving an increase in grain productivity has long been the over-riding focus of cereal breeding programs. Here we show that a rice grain yield quantitative trait locus qNPT1 that acts through the determination of the new plant type (NPT) architecture characterized by fewer barren tillers, sturdier culms and larger panicles, encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme with homology to human OTUB1. Down-regulating OsOTUB1 enhances meristematic activity, resulting in reduced tiller number per plant, increased grain number per panicle, enhanced grain weight and a consequent increase in grain yield. OsOTUB1 interacts with OsUBC13 and SBP-domain transcription factor OsSPL14, limits Lys63-linked ubiquitin at OsSPL14 to regulate its proteasome-dependent degradation. Conversely, loss-of-function of OsOTUB1 results in the accumulation of a high level of OsSPL14, which in turn controls NPT architecture and boosts grain yield. Pyramiding of high-yielding npt1 and dep1-1 alleles provides a new strategy for increasing rice yield potential above that which is currently achievable.

A set of 670 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was bred from the cross between the japonica rice variety Chunjiang06 and a selected NPT line (IR66167-27-5-1-6), from which RIL52 was selected on the basis that it had the NPT phenotype with respect to enhanced grain number, reduced tiller number and thickened culm (FIG. 1 a-1 e ). A subsequent QTL analysis identified the locus qNPT1 (New Plant Type 1) as being pleiotropically responsible for all three traits (FIG. 1 f ). The positional cloning of qNPT1 was performed by using BC₂F₂ and BC₂F₃ progenies developed from the backcross between RIL52 and the indica variety Zhefu802 (the recurrent parent). The candidate region was narrowed to a ˜4.1 Kbp segment flanked by the markers P139 and P143, which harbors the promoter and part of the coding sequence of the gene at LOC_Os08g42540 (FIG. 1 g ). This gene is predicted to encode a deubiquitinating enzyme with homology to human OTUB1 (ovarian tumour domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde binding protein 1) (FIG. 5 ), a protein associated with the regulation of p53 stability and DNA damage repair⁹⁻¹². On this basis, LOC_Os08g42540 is hereafter referred to as OsOTUB1. A sequence comparison revealed five nucleotide variants distinguished the alleles responsible for the NPT vs the conventional phenotype (FIG. 1 h ): three of these were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), one was an insertion-deletion polymorphism (Indel) in intronic sequence and one was an SNP in the promoter region.

We next generated a near-isogenic line (NIL) ZH11-npt1, which harbors a ˜240 Kbp segment including the npt1 allele from IR66167-27-5-1-6 in the background of the japonica rice variety Zhonghua11 (ZH11) (FIG. 6 ). Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the peak abundance of OsOTUB1 transcript was found in the shoot meristem and young panicles (FIG. 2 a ). Histochemical GUS assays targeting the OsOTUB1 promoter showed that the gene was strongly expressed in vascular tissue, as well as in the root cap and quiescent center (QC) cells (FIG. 7 ). The abundance of OsOTUB1 transcript in ZH11-npt1 was lower than in ZH11 (FIG. 2 a ). The phenotype of an OsOTUB1 knock-out, generated using the CRISPR/Cas9¹³, was similar to that of ZH11-npt1, resulting in a reduced tiller number, an increased grain number, an enhanced grain weight and a consequent increase in grain yield (FIG. 6 ). In transgenic plants carrying the pOsOTUB1::OsOTUB1-GFP construct, GFP signal was detectable in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of root and leaf sheath cells (FIG. 8 ). The Rice Annotation Project Database predicts that the OsOTUB1 gene generates two alternatively spliced transcripts (FIG. 1 g ). The phenotype of transgenic ZH11-npt1 expressing OsOTUB1.1 cDNA driven by its native promoter was similar to that of ZH11, while that of those overexpressing OsOTUB1.2 was similar to that of ZH11-npt1 (FIG. 6 ). In addition, the transgenic ZH11 plants over-expressing OsOTUB1.1 were dwarfed in stature, set fewer grains and displayed leaf necrosis (FIG. 9 ). These results indicate that the loss-of-function of OsOTUB1 is associated with the ideotype architecture.

Haplotype analysis revealed that the npt1 allele has not been exploited by breeders of elite indica and temperate japonica varieties (FIG. 1 h ). Since the high-yielding dep1-1 allele has been heavily used by Chinese breeders^(14, 15), it was therefore of interest to evaluate the effect of combining npt1 and dep1-1. NILs for allelic combinations of qNPT1 and qDEP1 loci were created in the elite japonica rice variety Wuyunjing7 (which carries NPT1 and dep1-1 alleles, hereafter referred to as WYJ7-NPT1-dep1-1). The WYJ7-npt1-dep1-1 and WYJ7-NPT1-dep1-1 plants did not differ from one another with respect to heading date and plant height (FIGS. 2 b, 2 e and 2 f ), whereas WYJ7-npt1-dep1-1 plants formed fewer tillers and set a larger number of heavier grains than WYJ7-NPT1-dep1-1 ones (FIG. 2 g-2 j ). The shoot apical meristems formed by WYJ7-npt1-dep1-1 plants was larger than that formed by WYJ7-NPT1-dep1-1 ones (FIG. 2 k ), which implied that npt1 and dep1-1 acted synergistically to enhance meristematic activity⁵. The WYJ7-npt1-dep1-1 plants were also characterized by a greater number of vascular bundles, a thicker culm and a thicker parenchyma and sclerenchyma cell wall (FIG. 2 l-2 n ). Importantly, over three successive seasons, the overall grain yield of WYJ7-npt1-dep1-1 plants was 10.4% greater than that of WYJ7-NPT1-dep1-1 plants (FIG. 2 o ). Therefore, pyramiding of the npt1 and dep1-1 alleles represents an effective means of boosting grain yield of rice.

Given the predicted deubiquitinase activity of OsOTUB1, we next examined its ability to cleave linear Lys48- and Lys63-linked tetra-ubiquitin. Consistent with the behavior of its human homolog, it showed a strong cleavage activity when presented with Lys48-linked tetra-ubiquitin^(16, 17), but unlike OTUB1, it also displayed a moderate level of activity when presented with the Lys63-linked forms (FIG. 10 ). The ZH11-npt1 plants expressing either OTUB1 or its orthologs from mouse, maize or barley driven by the OsOTUB1 promoter, exhibited a phenotype indistinguishable from that of ZH11 or transgenic ZH11-npt1 plants expressing OsOTUB1.1 (FIG. 11 ), suggesting that OTUB1 orthologs from all of these species are functionally interchangeable. It is known that OTUB1 interacts with UBC13 to inhibit double strand break-induced chromatin ubiquitination^(9, 10), and the same interactions in vitro and in vivo were established between OsOTUB1 and OsUBC13 (FIG. 12 ). Overexpression of OsUBC13 resulted in a phenotype similar to that of plants carrying the npt1 allele, at least with respect to grain number, tiller number and culm diameter (FIG. 12 ). In contrast, the constitutive expression of an RNAi directed at OsUBC13 produced a phenotype reminiscent of plants in which OsOTUB1.1 cDNA was over-expressed (FIG. 9 and FIG. 12 ).

A yeast two-hybrid screen targeting proteins interacting with OsOTUB1 identified 72 candidate interactors which included a rice homolog of the SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SBP-domain) transcription factor OsSPL14, known to control plant architecture with reduced tiller number, thickened culm and enhanced grain number^(18, 19). Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that the OsSPL14-OsOTUB1 interaction clearly occurred in planta (FIG. 3 a, 3 b ). A deletion analysis revealed that the conserved SBP domain was both necessary and sufficient for the in vitro and in vivo interactions (FIG. 3 a and FIG. 13 ). Further BiFC assays demonstrated that OsOTUB1 was able to interact with the full set of rice SPL transcription factors (FIG. 14 ), consistent with data showing that the abundance of OsSPL7, OsSPL13, OsSPL14 and OsSPL16 transcript is correlated with one or more of a reduction in tiller number, an increase in grain number or an enhancement to grain weight¹⁸⁻²³. The presence of either the npt1 or the OsSPL14^(WFP) allele associated with a high OsSPL14 transcript level¹⁹, was shown to generate the NPT's architecture, while the phenotype of ZH11-npt1 plants in which OsSPL14 had been silenced by RNAi was similar to that of ZH11 plants (FIG. 3 c-3 h ). Comparative RNA-seq based transcriptomic analysis of ZH11, ZH11-npt1 and ZH11-OsSPL 14^(WFP) revealed that the transcript levels of 453 common target genes was higher in both ZH11-npt1 and ZH11-OsSPL14^(WFP) than in ZH11 (FIG. 15 ), a result which was validated using qRT-PCR²²⁻²⁴. In contrast, the abundance of target genes examined was greatly reduced in ZH11-npt1 silenced for OsSPL14 (FIG. 15 ). Thus, OsOTUB1 and OsSPL14 act antagonistically to control plant architecture through regulation of common target genes.

EMSA assays revealed that the OsOTUB1-OsSPL14 interaction was unlikely to affect the binding affinity of OsSPL14 to its targeting GTAC motifs (FIG. 16 ). There was no difference in the abundance of OsSPL14 transcript between ZH11 and ZH11-npt1 (FIG. 3 e ), but the accumulation of OsSPL14 was much higher in the latter genotype (FIG. 4 a ). When exposed to the proteasome inhibitor MG132, OsSPL14 accumulation was obviously increased in ZH11 (FIG. 4 b ). These results suggest that OsOTUB1, unlike OTUB1 that regulates stability of p53 and SMAD proteins^(11, 12), promoted the degradation of OsSPL14. When lysates prepared from young panicles of ZH11 were challenged with GST-OsSPL14, the titer of GST-OsSPL14 decreased over time, but the opposite occurred when a MG132 treatment was included (FIG. 4 c ). The stable accumulation of GST-OsSPL14 was greater when the lysates were prepared from ZH11-npt1 than from ZH11 panicles, whereas the degradation of GST-OsSPL14 was accelerated in lysates made from ZH11-npt1 panicles in the presence of His-OsOTUB1 (FIG. 4 c ). A western blotting analysis showed that it was possible to detect the presence of polyubiquitinated forms of Myc-OsSPL14 immunoprecipitated from young panicles by using an antibody that recognizes either total ubiquitin, Lys48-polyubiquitin or Lys63-polyubiquitin conjugates (FIG. 4 d ). The implication is that OsSPL14 is modulated by both Lys48- and Lys63-linked ubiquitination²⁵.

The analysis was extended to investigate endogenous E3 ligase-mediated ubiquitination of OsSPL14. In the presence of WT ubiquitin, the MG132 treatment of rice protoplasts expressing Flag-OsSPL14 resulted in an enhanced accumulation of polyubiquitinated Flag-OsSPL14; however, in the presence of K48R-ubiquitins, there was no perceptible effect of the MG132 treatment in the accumulation of polyubiquitinated Flag-OsSPL14 (FIG. 4 e ). This observation was consistent with the notion that Lys48-linked ubiquitin of OsSPL14 is required for its proteasome-mediated degradation. In the presence of Myc-OsOTUB1.1, the titer of ubiquitinated Flag-OsSPL14 was clearly decreased in the presence of either K48R or K63O mutations, but it remained unaffected by the presence of either K48O or K63R mutations (FIG. 4 f ). Moreover, Myc-OsOTUB1 promoted the degradation of Flag-OsSPL14 only in the presence of either WT-, K63O- or K48R-linked ubiquitins (FIG. 4 f ), indicating that the stabilization of OsSPL14 is correlated with Lys63-linked ubiquitination. Collectively, these results suggest that OsOTUB1-mediated inhibition of Lys63-linked ubiquitination of OsSPL14 is required for its proteasome-dependent degradation.

The miR156-targeted SBP-domain transcription factors play the important roles in the regulation of stem cell function and flowering in plants²⁶⁻²⁸. Non-canonical OsOTUB1-mediated regulation of SBP-domain transcription factors establishes a new framework for studying meristem cell fate, inflorescence architecture and flower development. Our findings shed light on the molecular basis of an ideotype approach in rice breeding programs, the manipulation of the OsOTUB1-OsSPL14 module also provides a potential strategy to facilitate the breeding of new rice varieties with higher grain productivity.

Plant materials and growing conditions. A set of 670 RILs population was bred from a cross between the Chinese temperate japonica rice variety Chunjiang06 and the NPT selection IR66167-27-5-1-6. The rice accessions used for the sequence diversity analysis have been described elsewhere^(14, 21). The NILs plants carrying either npt1, OsSPL14^(WFP19, 29), or allelic combinations of the qNPT1 and qDEP1 loci were bred by crossing RIL52 seven times with either Zhonghua11 or Wuyunjing7. Paddy-grown plants were spaced 20 cm apart and were grown during the standard growing season at three experimental stations, one in Lingshui (Hainan Province), one in Hefei (Anhui Province) and one in Beijing.

Transgene constructs. The OsOTUB1.1 and OsOTUB1.2 coding sequences, their UTRs (5′: from the transcription start site to −2.8 Kbp; 3′: 1.5 Kbp downstream of the termination site) were amplified from ZH11 genomic DNA (gDNA), and introduced into the pCAMBIA2300 vector (CAMBIA) to generate pOsOTUB1::OsOTUB1.1 and pOsOTUB1::OsOTUB1.2. Full length human OTUB1 cDNA (and that of its mouse, barley and maize orthologs) were amplified from the relevant cDNA template and then subcloned into pActin::nos vector¹⁴, while OsOTUB1.1 cDNA and its 5′-UTR was introduced into the p35S::GFP-nos vector²¹ to generate pOsOTUB1::OsOTUB1.1-GFP-nos construct. To form p35S::Myc-OsSPL14, OsSPL14 cDNA was amplified from a template of ZH11 cDNA and cloned into p35S::Myc-nos. The gRNA constructs required for the CRISPR/Cas9-enabled knock-out of OsOTUB1 were generated as described elsewhere¹³. An 300 bp fragment of OsSPL14 cDNA and an 300 bp fragment of OsUBC13 cDNA were amplified from ZH11 cDNA and used to construct the pActin::RNAi-OsSPL14 and pActin::RNAi-OsUBC13 transgenes as described elsewhere¹⁴. The transgenic rice plants were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation as previously described⁵. The relevant primer sequences were given in FIG. 17 .

Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Total RNA was extracted from plant tissues using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen), and treated with RNase-free DNase I (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The resulting RNA was reverse-transcribed using a cDNA synthesis kit (TRANSGEN). Subsequent qRT-PCR was performed as described elsewhere²¹, including three independent RNA preparations as biological replicates. The rice Actin1 was used as a reference. The relevant primer sequences were given in FIG. 17 .

Yeast two-hybrid assays. Yeast two-hybrid assays were performed as described elsewhere^(14, 21). The full length OsOTUB1.1 cDNA and an OsOTUB1 C-terminal fragment were amplified from ZH11 cDNA and inserted into pGBKT7 (Takara Bio Inc.), while the full length OsUBC13 cDNA and an OsSPL14 C-terminal fragment were inserted into pGADT7 (Takara Bio Inc.). Each of these plasmids was validated by sequencing before being transformed into yeast strain AH109. The required β-galactosidase assays were performed according to the manufacturer's (Takara Bio Inc.) protocol. Cells harboring either an empty pGBKT7 or an empty pGADT7 were used as the negative control. The entire OsOTUB1 sequence or a C-terminal fragment were used as the bait to screen a cDNA library prepared from poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from rice young panicles (<0.2 cm in length). The experimental procedures for screening and plasmid isolation followed the manufacturer's (Takara Bio Inc.) protocol. The relevant primer sequences are listed in FIG. 17 .

BiFC assays. OsOTUB1.1, OsUBC13, OsSPL1 through OsSPL13 and OsSPL15 through OsSPL19 full length cDNAs, along with both deleted and non-deleted versions of OsSPL14 were amplified from ZH11 cDNA, and the amplicons inserted into the pSY-735-35S-cYFP-HA or pSY-736-35S-nYFP-EE vectors³⁰ to generate a set of fusion constructs. Two vectors for testing the protein-protein interaction (e.g., nYFP-OsSPL14 and cYFP-OsOTUB1) were co-transfected into rice protoplasts. After incubation in the dark for 14 h, the YFP signal was examined and photographed under a confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM710) as described elsewhere³¹. Each BiFC assay was repeated at least three times. The relevant primer sequences are listed in FIG. 17 .

In vitro pull-down. The recombinant GST-OsOTUB1 fusion protein was immobilized on glutathione sepharose beads and incubated with His-OsUBC13 for 30 min at 4° C. The glutathione sepharose beads were washed three times, and eluted by the elution buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM reduced glutathione, pH 8.0). The supernatant was subjected to immunoblotting analysis by using anti-His and anti-GST antibodies (Santa Cruz).

Co-immunoprecipitation and western blotting. Myc-OsSPL14 was extracted from young panicles (<0.2 cm in length) of transgenic ZH11 plants harboring pActin::Myc-OsSPL14 using a buffer composed of 50 mM HEPES (pH7.5), 150 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% Trition-X 100, 1 mM DTT and proteinase inhibitor cocktail (Roche LifeScience, Basel, Switzerland). The agarose-conjugated anti-Myc antibodies (Sigma-Aldrich) was added and the reaction was held at 4° C. for at least 4 hours, and then washed 5˜6 times with TBS-T buffer and eluted with 2× loading buffer. The immunoprecipitates and lysates were subjected to SDS-PAGE and the separated proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (GE Healthcare). The Myc-OsSPL14 fusion proteins were detected by probing the membrane with an anti-Myc antibody (Santa Cruz), while its polyubiquitinated forms were detected by probing with either antibodies that recognize total ubiquitin conjugates, antibodies that specifically recognize Lys48-polyubiquitin conjugates, or antibodies that specifically recognize Lys63-polyubiquitin conjugates (Abcam).

Analysis of the degradation of OsSPL14. Lysates obtained from young panicles (<0.2 cm in length) harvested from ZH11 and ZH11-npt1 plants were incubated with the appropriated recombinant GST-OsSPL14 fusion protein in the presence or absence of recombinant His-OsOTUB1 fusion protein. Protein was extracted from lysates which had either been exposed or not to 50 μM MG132 for a preset series of times, and subjected to SDS-PAGE and western blotting based on an anti-GST antibody (Santa Cruz). As a loading control, the abundance of HSP90 was detected by probing with an anti-HSP90 antibody (BGI). The lysis buffer contains 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 10 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 4 mM PMSF, 5 mM DTT and 10 mM ATP as described elsewhere³².

Linear K48- and K63-linked tetra-ubiquitin cleavage assays. A ˜1 μg aliquot of recombinant GST-OsOTUB1.1, GST-OsOTUB1.2 or OTUB1 was added to 20 μL of 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM dithiothreitol containing 2.5 μg of linear K48- and K63-linked tetra-ubiquitin (Boston Biochem) and held for 1 h at 37° C. The reaction products were analyzed by western blotting based on an anti-ubiquitin antibody (Abcam) as described elsewhere¹⁶.

Analysis of in vitro ubiquitination. The rice protoplasts prepared from ZH11-npt1 young panicles (<0.2 cm in length) were transfected with plasmids pUC19-35S-Flag-OsSPL14-RBS (33) and pUC19-355-HA-Ubiq-RBS (either HA-tagged ubiquitin (WT), K48R (K48 mutated to arginine), K63R (K63 mutated to arginine), K48O (ubiquitin with only K48, with the other lysine residues mutated to arginine), or K63O (ubiquitin with only K63, with the other lysine residues mutated to arginine) in the presence or absence of plasmid pUC19-35S-Myc-OsOTUB1-RBS. After 15 h, the protoplasts were lysed in the extraction buffer [50 mM Tris-HCl (pH7.4), 150 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% Trition-X 100, 1 mM DTT] containing proteinase inhibitor cocktail (Roche LifeScience). The resulting lysates was challenged with agarose-conjugated anti-Flag antibodies (Sigma-Aldrich) for at least 4 h at 4° C., then rinsed 5-6 times in the extraction buffer and eluted with 3× Flag peptide (Sigma-Aldrich). The immunoprecipitates were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (GE Healthcare), which was used for a western blotting analysis by using anti-HA and anti-Flag conjugates antibodies (Sigma-Aldrich).

EXAMPLE 2

Results

The wtg1-1 Mutant Produces Wide, Thick, Short and Heavy Grains

To understand how grain size is determined in rice, we mutagenized the japonica variety Zhonghuajing (ZHJ) with the γ-ray and isolated a wide and thick grain 1 (wtg1-1) mutant in M2 populations. The wtg1-1 grains were wider than ZHJ grains (FIGS. 18 a, b, e). ZHJ grain width was 3.41 mm, while wtg1-1 grain width was 3.84 mm (FIG. 18 e ). By contrast, the length of wtg1-1 grains was reduced in comparison with that of ZHJ (FIGS. 18 a, b, d). The length of ZHJ grains was 7.47 mm, whereas the length of wtg1-1 grains was 6.89 mm. The wtg1-1 grains were obviously thicker than ZHJ grains (FIG. 18 c ). The average thickness of ZHJ and wtg1-1 grains was 2.27 mm and 2.66 mm, respectively (FIG. 18 f ). Importantly, wtg1-1 grains were significantly heavier than ZHJ grains (FIG. 18 g ). The 1000-grain weight of ZHJ and wtg1-1 was 25.56 g and 29.09 g, respectively. These results indicate that WTG1 affects grain width, thickness and length as well as grain weight.

The wtg1-1 Mutant Increases Grain Number Per Panicle

Mature wtg1-1 plants were slightly short in comparison with wild-type plants (FIGS. 19 a, b, f). The wtg1-1 plants produced wide leaves compared with ZHJ plants, while the length of wtg1-1 leaves was similar to that of ZHJ leaves (FIGS. 19 c, d, g, h). The wtg1-1 panicles were short, thick and dense in comparison with wild-type panicles, showing an erect panicle phenotype (FIGS. 19 e, i ). The axis length of wtg1-1 panicles was decreased in comparison with that of wild-type panicles (FIG. 19 j ), showing that WTG1 influences panicle size. As panicle branches determine panicle structure and shape, we examined primary and secondary panicle branches of the wild type and wtg1-1. The wtg1-1 panicles had more primary and secondary panicle branches than ZHJ (FIGS. 19 k, l ). We examined the number of grains per panicle in ZHJ and wtg1-1. As shown in FIG. 2M, the number of grains per panicle in wtg1-1 was higher than that in ZHJ. Thus, these data indicate that the increased number of primary and secondary panicle branches in wtg1-1 causes an increase in grain number per panicle.

Identification of the WTG1 Gene

We sought to identify the wtg1-1 mutation using the MutMap method (Abe et al., 2012), which has been used to clone genes in rice. We crossed wtg1-1 with ZHJ and generated an F₂ population. In the F₂ population, the progeny segregation indicated that a single recessive mutation determines the phenotypes of wtg1-1. We extracted DNA from fifty F₂ plants that showed the wide and thick grain phenotypes, and the same amount of DNA was mixed for the whole genome sequencing. We also sequenced ZHJ as a control. 6.2 Gbp and 5.4 Gbp of short reads were generated for ZHJ and the pooled F₂ plants, respectively. We detected 1399 SNPs and 157 INDELs between the pooled F₂ and ZHJ. We then calculated the SNP/INDELratio in the pooled F₂ plants. Considering that all mutant plants in the F₂ population should possess the causative SNP/INDEL, the SNP/INDEL ratio for this causative mutation in bulked F₂ plants should be 1. Among them, only one INDEL shows a SNP/INDEL-ratio=1. This INDEL contains a 4-bp deletion in the gene (LOC_Os08g42540) (Figures a, 23). We further confirmed this deletion in wtg1-1 by developing the marker dCAPS1 (FIG. 20 b ). Thus, these analyses suggest that LOC_Os08g42540 could be the WTG1 gene.

To confirm that WTG1 is the LOC_Os08g42540 gene, we conducted genetic complementation test. The genomic fragment containing the 2337 bp of 5′ flanking sequence, the LOC_Os08g42540 gene and 1706 bp of 3′ flanking sequence (gWTG1) was transformed into the wtg1-1 mutant. The gWTG1 construct complemented the phenotypes of the wtg1-1 mutant (FIGS. 20 f-k ). The grain width, grain thickness and grain length of gWTG1;wtg1-1 transgenic plants were comparable with those of ZHJ. Therefore, this genomic complementation experiment confirmed that the WTG1 gene is LOC_Os08g42540.

WTG1 Encodes an Otubain-Like Protease with Deubiquitination Activity

The WTG1 gene encodes an unknown protein with a predicted otubain domain (FIG. 20 d ). WTG1 homologues were found in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Physcomitrella patens, Selaginella moellendorffii, other plant species and animals (FIG. 24 ). The homologs in the grass family (e.g. wheat, Brachypodium, maize and sorghum) have high amino acid sequence identity with WTG1 (FIG. 24 ). WTG1 also shares similarity with human otubain 1/2 proteins (OTUB1/2) (FIG. 25 ), which are involved in multiple physiology and developmental processes (Nakada et al., 2010, Herhaus et al., 2013). In wtg1-1, the 4-bp deletion happens in the exon-intron junction region of the fourth intron (FIG. 20 a ). The wtg1-1 mutation resulted in altered splicing of WTG1, which in turn caused a premature stop codon (FIG. 20 c ). The protein encoded by the wtg1-1 allele lacks half of the predicted otubain domain and also contains a completely unrelated peptide (FIG. 20 e ), suggesting that wtg1-1 is a loss-of-function allele.

In animals, otubain proteins have been known to possess deubiquitination activity because they have the histidine, cysteine and aspartate residues in the conserved catalytic domain of cysteine proteases (FIG. 25 ) (Balakirev et al., 2003). WTG1 shares similarity with human otubain proteins and has an otubain-like domain (FIGS. 20 d , 25), suggesting that WTG1 could be an otubain-like protease. Therefore, we carefully examined the amino acid sequence of WTG1 and found that WTG1 contains the conserved aspartate (D68), cysteine (C71) and histidine (H267) residues in the predicted otubain domain, which define catalytic triad of ubiquitin protease in animals (FIGS. 20 d , 25) (Balakirev et al., 2003). We then investigated whether WTG1 has deubiquitination activity. We expressed WTG1, WTG1^(wtg1-1) encoded by the wtg1-1 allele and WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R) with mutations in the conserved amino acids as MBP (maltose binding protein)-tagged proteins (MBP-WTG1, MBP-WTG1^(wtg1-1) and WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R)), and UBQ10 (hexameric polyubiquitin) as a His-tagged protein (His-UBQ10). Deubiquitination assays showed that MBP-WTG1 was capable of cleaving His-UBQ10, but MBP-WTG1^(wtg1-1), MBP-WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R) and MBP did not cleave His-UBQ10 (FIG. 20I). These results show that WTG1 has deubiquitination activity, WTG1^(wtg1-1) lacks deubiquitination activity, and the conserved aspartate (D68), cysteine (C71) and histidine (H267) residues are essential for the deubiquitination activity of WTG1. Thus, WTG1 is an otubain-like protease with deubiquitination activity.

Expression and Subcellular Localization of WTG1

We examined the expression of WTG1 using quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. As shown in FIG. 21 a , the WTG1 gene expressed in leaves, developing panicles and roots. We generated the WTG1 promoter:GUS transgenic plants (proWTG1:GUS) and examined the expression patterns of WTG1 in different tissues. We observed the GUS staining in leaves and roots of proWTG1:GUS young seedlings (FIG. 21 b ). GUS staining in developing panicles was also detectable (FIG. 21 d ). GUS activity in younger panicles was stronger than that in older panicles (FIG. 21 d ), consistent with the function of WTG1 in influencing the number of panicle branches. During spikelet hull development, expression of WTG1 started from the tips, then spread down the whole spikelet hulls, and finally disappeared at later development stages. Therefore, the expression pattern of WTG1 supports its functions in panicle and spikelet hull development.

We then generated pro35S:GFP-WTG1 transgenic plants and investigated the subcellular localization of WTG1. As shown in FIGS. 5 e-g , GFP signal in pro35S:GFP-WTG1 roots was predominantly detected in nuclei. We further asked whether GFP-WTG1 could localize exclusively to nuclei. We prepared cytoplasmic and nuclear protein fractions from pro35S:GFP-WTG1 transgenic plants. Unexpectedly, GFP-WTG1 fusion proteins were present in both the nuclear fraction and the cytoplasmic fraction, although GFP signal in pro35S:GFP-WTG1 plants could not be obviously observed in the cytoplasm (FIG. 21 h ). Thus, these findings indicate that WTG1 is localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm in rice.

Overexpression of WTG1 Results in Narrow, Thin and Long Grains Due to Narrow and Long Cells in Spikelet Hulls

To further reveal functions of WTG1 in grain size and shape control, we conducted the proActin:WTG1 construct and transformed it to the wild type (ZHJ). As shown in FIG. 22 g , proActin:WTG1 transgenic lines had higher expression levels of WTG1 than the wild type (ZHJ). We then investigated the grain size and shape phenotypes of proActin:WTG1 transgenic lines. As shown in FIGS. 22 a-f , proActin:WTG1 transgenic lines formed narrow, thin and long grains compared with ZHJ. Expression levels of WTG1 in proActin:WTG1 transgenic lines were associated with the grain size and shape phenotypes (FIGS. 22 d-g ). These data further reveal that WTG1 functions to influence grain size and shape.

Considering that proActin:WTG1 transgenic lines showed narrow and long grains, we asked whether WTG could affect cell expansion. We examined the size of outer epidermal cells in ZHJ and proActin:WTG1 spikelet hulls. Outer epidermis of proActin:WTG1 spikelet hulls contained narrow and long cells compared with that of ZHJ spikelet hulls (FIGS. 26 a, b ). By contrast, outer epidermis of proActin:WTG1 spikelet hulls had a similar number of epidermal cells in both grain-width and grain-length directions to that of wild-type spikelet hulls (FIGS. 26 c, d ). These results further reveal that WTG1 determines grain size and shape by affecting cell size and shape in spikelet hulls.

Discussion

Grain size and shape are crucial for grain yield and grain appearance in crops. Grain width, thickness and length coordinately determine grain size and shape in rice.

However, the molecular mechanisms underlying grain size and shape determination are still limited in rice. In this study, we isolate a wide and thick grain mutant (wtg1-1), which shows thick, wide, short and heavy grains compared with the wild type. WTG1 encodes an otubain-like protease with deubiquitination activity. Overexpression of WTG1 causes narrow, thin and long grains. Thus, our findings identify the otubain-like protease as an important factor that influences rice grain size and shape, suggesting that it has the potential to increase grain yield and improve grain size and shape.

The wtg1-1 mutant formed thick, wide and short grains (FIGS. 18 a-f ), indicating that WTG1 acts as a factor that influences rice grain size and shape. The wtg1-1 grains were heavier than ZHJ grains (FIG. 18 g ), indicating that WTG1 plays a key role in determining grain weight. The wtg1-1 mutant showed short, thick and dense panicles compared with the wild type (FIG. 19 e ), suggesting the function of WTG1 in influencing panicle size and shape. The wtg1-1 mutation caused an increase in grain number per panicle as a result of increases in both primary and secondary panicle branches (FIGS. 19 k, l, m). Previous studies showed that an increase in grain number per panicle usually causes a reduction in grain size and weight (Huang et al., 2009). By contrast, several rice mutants have been described to increase grain size as well as grain number per panicle (Li et al., 2011a, Hu et al., 2015). Here our results show that the wtg1-1 mutant produced heavy grains and increased grain number per panicle.

The WTG1 gene encodes an otubain-like protease. The homologs of WTG1 are found in plant species and animals. Homologs of WTG1 in humans are members of the ovarian tumor domain protease (OTU) family of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). OTUB1 is involved in DNA damage repair and transforming growth factor-b (TGFb) signaling pathways (Nakada et al., 2010, Herhaus et al., 2013). OTUB1 has deubiquitination activity and functions to remove attached ubiquitin chains or molecules from their targets. The OTU domain of OTUB1 has three conserved amino acids (D88/C91/H265) (Balakirev et al., 2003). Similarly, WTG1 contains the predicted catalytic triad (D68/C71/H267) in the predicted otubain domain, suggesting that WTG1 may have deubiquitination activity. Consistent with this, our biochemical data showed that WTG1 can cleave polyubiquitins, revealing that WTG1 is a functional deubiquitinating enzyme. By contrast, the mutations in the predicted catalytic triad (WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R)) disrupted the deubiquitination activity of WTG1 (FIG. 20I), revealing that these conserved amino acids are crucial for deubiquitination activity. In addition, the protein encoded by the wtg1-1 allele (WTG1^(wtg1-1)) did not show any deubiquitination activity, indicating that wtg1-1 is a loss-of-function allele. It is possible that WTG1 might remove ubiquitin chains from its targets and prevent the degradation of its targets.

The wtgl-1 mutant produced wide, thick and short grains, while overexpression of WTG1 caused narrow, thin and long grains. In addition, the wtgl-1 grains were significantly heavier than the wild type, and wtgl-1 mutant exhibited the increased grain number per panicle, suggesting that it has the potential to increase grain yield. Thus, it is worthwhile to test whether WTG1 and its homologs in crops (e.g. maize and wheat) could be utilized to improve grain yield and grain size and shape in the future. It has been known that grain size and shape traits have been selected by crop breeders during domestication. We found that rice varieties contain multiple SNPs in the WTG1 gene region (ricevarmap.ncpgr.cn).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant materials and growth conditions

Grains of the japonica variety Zhonghuajing (ZHJ) were irradiated with the γ-rays, and the wide and thickness grain 1 (wtgl-1) mutant was identified from this M2 population. Rice plants were grown in the paddy fields with 20 cm×20 cm density. A total of 48 rice seedlings were transplanted from the nursery bed to the paddy per plot (1.92 m²). Rice plants were cultivated in the paddy fields of Lingshui (110° 03′E, 18° 51N, altitude of 10m, Hainan, China) from December 2015 to April 2016 and Hangzhou (119° 95′E, 30° 07′N, altitude of 12m, Zhejiang, China) from July 2016 to November 2016, respectively. The soil type is the sandy loam soil in Lingshui, while the soil type is the clay loam soil in Hangzhou. During growing seasons, the temperature ranged between 9° C. and 32° C. in Lingshui, and the temperature ranged between 12° C. and 39° C. in Hangzhou (data.cma.cn). Nitrogenous, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (120 kg per hectare for each) were applied in the rice growth cycle.

Morphological and Cellular Analysis

The ZHJ and wtg1-1 plants grown in the paddy fields were dug out and putted into pots for taking photographs. MICROTEK Scan Marker i560 (MICROTEK, Shanghai, China) was used to scan mature grains. WSEEN Rice Test System (WSeen, Zhejiang, China) was used to auto-measure grain width and length. Grain thickness was measured using the digital caliper (JIANYE TOOLS, Zhejinag, China). Grains from 30 main panicles were used to measure grain weight. A total of 1000 dry seeds were weighed using electronic analytical balance. Grain weight was investigated with three replicates.

Identification of WTG1

To clone the WTG1 gene, we crossed wtg1-1 with ZHJ to produce F₂ population. In F₂ population, we selected 50 plants that showed wtg1-1 phenotypes and pooled their DNAs in the equal ratio for the whole genome resequencing using NextSeq 500 (Illumina, America). The MutMap was performed according to a previous study (Abe et al., 2012), and the SNP/INDEL-ratio was calculated according to a previous report (Fang et al., 2016). There is only one INDEL that shows a SNP/INDEL-ratio=1. This INDEL has the 4-bp deletion that happens in the exon-intron junction region of the fourth intron of LOC_Os08g42540. The dCAPS1 marker was further developed based on this 4-bp deletion. Thus, LOC_Os08g42540 is a candidate gene for WTG1.

Constructs and Plant Transformation

The primers 099-WTG1-GF and 099-WTG1-GR were used to amplify the genomic sequence of WTG1 containing the 2337-bp of 5′ flanking sequence, the WTG1 gene and the 1706-bp of 3′ flanking sequence. The genomic sequence was then inserted to the PMDC99 vector using the GBclonart Seamless Clone Kit (GB2001-48, Genebank Biosciences) to generate the gWTG1 construct. The primers 003-CDSWTG1-F and 003-CDSWTG1-R were used to amplify the CDS of the WTG1 gene. The CDS was inserted to the pIPKb003 vector with the ACTIN promoter using the GBclonart Seamless Clone Kit (GB2001-48, Genebank Biosciences) to construct the proACT/N:WTG1 plasmid. The primers C43-CDSWTG1-F and C43-CDSWTG1-R were used to amplify the CDS of the WTG1 gene was amplified. The CDS was inserted to the PMDC43 vector using the GBclonart Seamless Clone Kit (GB2001-48, Genebank Biosciences) to generate the pro35S:GFP-WTG1 plasmid. The primers proWTG1-F and proWTG1-R were used to amplify the 3798-bp 5′-flanking sequence of WTG1. The promoter sequence was then inserted to the pMDC164 vector using the GBclonart Seamless Clone Kit (GB2001-48, Genebank Biosciences) to produce the proWTG1:GUS plasmid. The plasmids gWTG1, proACT/N:WTG1, pro35S:GFP-WTG1 and proWTG1:GUS were introduced into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101, respectively. The gWTG1 was transferred into wtg1-1, and proACT/N:WTG1, pro35S:GFP-WTG1 and proWTG1:GUS were transferred into ZHJ as described previously (Hiei et al., 1994).

GUS Staining and Subcellular Localization of WTG1

GUS staining of different tissues (proWTG1:GUS) were conducted as described previously (Xia et al., 2013, Fang et al., 2016). Roots of pro35S:GFP-WTG1 transgenic lines were used to observe the GFP fluorescence. Zeiss LSM 710 confocal microscopy was used to observe the GFP fluorescence. Root cell nuclei were marked with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (1 μg/ml).

RNA Isolation, Reverse Transcription and Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR

Young panicles of ZHJ and wtg1-1 and seedlings of ZHJ and proACTIN:WTG1 transgenic lines were used to isolate total RNA using an RNA extraction kit (Tiangen, China). RNA (2 μg) was reversely transcripted into the complementary DNA with FastQuant RT Kit (Tiangen, China) according to the user manual. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was conducted as described previously (Wang et al., 2016). Three replicates for each sample were tested. The list of primers was shown in the supplementary Table 1.

Deubiquitination Assays

The coding sequences of WTG1 and wtg1-1 were amplified from the complementary DNA transcripted from young panicle total RNA using the primers MBP-WTG1-F/R and MBP-WTG1-F/MBP-wtg1-R, and cloned to the vector pMAL-C2 using GBclonart Seamless Clone Kit (GB2001-48, Genebank Biosciences) to construct MBP-WTG1 and MBP-WTG1^(wtg1-1) plasmids, respectively. For the MBP-WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R) construct, the primers MBP-WTG1-MutF and MBP-WTG1-MutR1 (with two mutation sites) were used to amplify the first part of WTG1^(D68E,C71S,H267R), and the primers MBP-WTG1-MutF1(with two mutation sites) and MBP-WTG1-MutR (with one mutation site) were used to amplify the second part of WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R). These two products were then mixed as templates, and the primers MBP-WTG1-MutF and MBP-WTG1-MutR were used to amplify the complete sequence of WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R). Finally, the sequence of WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R) was cloned to the vector pMAL-C2 using GBclonart Seamless Clone Kit (GB2001-48, Genebank Biosciences) to construct the MBP-WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R) plasmid. The His-UBQ10 plasmid was constructed according to a previous study (Xu et al., 2016). The MBP-WTG1, MBP-WTG1^(wtg1-1) and MBP-WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R) plasmids were transferred into Escherichia coli BL21. Induction, isolation and purification of MBP-WTG1, MBP-WTG1^(wtg1-1) and MBP-WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R) proteins were conducted according to previous studies (Xia et al., 2013). 15 μl of His-UBQ10 was incubated with 2 μl of purified MBP, MBP-WTG1, MBP-WTG1^(wtg1-1) and WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R) in 100 μl reaction buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, PH7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT) at 30° C. for 20 minutes, respectively. Cleaved ubiquitin products, MBP-WTG1, MBP-WTG1^(wtg1-1) and WTG1^(D68E;C71S;H267R) were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Anti-His and anti-MBP antibodies were used to detect the cleaved ubiquitin and MPB-tagged proteins, respectively.

Protein Extractions and Western Blot Analysis

The leaves from pro35S:GFP-WTG1 transgenic plants were used to prepare cytoplasmic and nuclear protein fractions according to a previous method (Alvarez-Venegas and Avramova, 2005). Anti-GFP (Beyotime), anti-Bip (Abcam) and anti-H4 (Active Motif) antibodies were used to detect GFP-WTG1, Bip and histine H4, respectively.

EXAMPLE 3

To obtain OsOTUB1 knockdown transgenic plants, an RNAi strategy was employed. We inserted two same segments of OsOTUB1 coding region head-to-head into the intermediate vector pUCCRNAi which had an intron from GA20 oxidase of potato. With the aid of pUCCRNAi-OsOTUB1, the RNA interference structure was introduced into the plant binary vector pCambia-actin-2300 to generate pActin::OsOTUB1-RNAi construct. Then the OsOTUB1-RNAi construct was transformed into rice using Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation system. Transgenic plants were selected in half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 50 mg/L G418 and G418-resistant plants were transplanted into soil and grown in the field. qRT-PCR was used to identify OsOTUB1 knockdown T2 homozygous transgenic plants. As shown in FIG. 28 a , RNAi silencing of OsOTUB1 exhibited a ZH11-npt1-like phenotype. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 28 b , plants expressing the RNAi showed an increase in the number of primary branches per panicle, the number of secondary branches per panicle, the number of grains per panicle, and importantly, an increase in overall grain yield per plant.

SEQUENCE LISTING Arabidopsis thaliana (AtOTUB1), soybean (GmOTUB1), maize (ZmOTUB1), sorghum (SbOTUB1), barley (HvOTUB1), wild einkorn wheat (TuOTUB1) rice (OsOTUB1) SEQ ID NO: 1 OsOTUB1 polypeptide MGGDYYHSCCGDPDPDLRAPEGPKLPYVGDKEPLSTLAAEFQSGSPILQEKIKLL GEQYDALRRTRGDGNCFYRSFMFSYLEHILETQDKAEVERILKKIEQCKKTLADL GYIEFTFEDFFSIFIDQLESVLQGHESSIGAEELLERTRDQMVSDYVVMFFRFVT SGEIQRRAEFFEPFISGLTNSTVVQFCKASVEPMGEESDHVHIIALSDALGVPIR VMYLDRSSCDAGNISVNHHDFSPEANSSDGAAAAEKPYITLLYRPGHYDILYPK SEQ ID NO: 2 OsOTUB1 nucleic acid (cDNA from Zhefu802) atgggcggggactactaccactcgtgctgcggcgaccccgaccccgacctccgcgcgcccgaggggcccaagct gccgtacgtcggggacaaggaacctctctccactttagccgctgagtttcagtctggcagccccattttacagg agaaaataaagttgcttggtgaacagtatgatgctttaagaaggacacgaggagatggaaactgcttttatcga agctttatgttttcctacttggaacatatcctagagacacaagacaaagctgaggttgagcgcattctaaaaaa aattgagcagtgcaagaagactcttgcagatcttggatacattgagttcacctttgaagatttcttctctatat tcattgatcagctggaaagtgttctgcagggacatgaatcctccataggggccgaagagcttctagaaagaacc agggatcagatggtttctgattatgttgtcatgttctttaggtttgtcacctctggtgaaatccaaaggagggc tgagttcttcgaaccattcatctctggcttgacaaattcgactgtggttcagttctgcaaggcttccgtggagc cgatgggcgaggaaagtgaccatgtccacataattgccctatcagatgcgttgggtgtgccaatccgtgtgatg tacctagacagaagctcatgtgatgctggaaatataagtgtgaaccaccatgatttcagccctgaggccaattc atcggacggtgctgctgctgctgagaaaccttacattactttgctctaccgtcctggtcactacgacattctct acccgaagtga SEQ ID NO: 3 OsOTUB1 nucleic acid (genomic from Zhefu802) atgggcggggactactaccactcgtgctgcggcgaccccgaccccgacctccgcgcgcccgaggggcccaagct gccgtacgtcggggacaaggtgagatgttgacgcctctctctctttctctgtctctctcgctcgctttgactca tctgcgctttgactcatctgcggtcgatagatttgttcatgtggtagaaatgggtctgaatcgtggtaagacgc ccagtgttgccatgccagtatccgctagttgtgccagcaggtgaggcgatagatcagtcctgttagtctagttg gatgctgattgttggtcatcattactgttgtattggtgctccatttctatgtgaattgacattttaaggcgtct atacaagcagtggggactagaatttggataacaagtaacaatttccccttattgcgtcatcttaaaggataaga ggagttatcagatgctggattttctcctttatttttagtcgtggtgcctggaataatggagattggctgaacaa gttcatatcagttgtgtccattttcatcctctggatggtcagtccttaagtattgtcaggcgctattgttgtga gttgtaactgttgtacttgattttttagcttcgttggtgaactgatgtttggaggttcatgcagaagtcagaac catggggaattagaatttggatgaacagacagcaattacctttcgtgttctcttctaggaaaagaagggtttat ctgttatcatttgctggatgtgctccttacttaatatttatgcatggaataatagagatggccaaacaagtttg ctccatagcgtattatgattctaggataaaagtggtgtcatcctttaatcgtcacacctaggacaataaatgtg aaggacgaacttgttgatgcagaataatagcctatgctagtcaattcagcacagaaactgaggttaaatgtgtc ccaaaagtttcagttaaggttcacactaggatttacacgaacagaacaaatctgcaaatatagtccatatgaga aggtggagagctacatacacacaatttcatatgaaatggaaaatgatgttggcactaaacttggatttaggtca agtagttagatatttgatgcctcaaattcattttgttctgttaattgcaagcaccttttcacaatggaggacac taatgcattgctatgattatctctgtgtttgtacagttattttaggctatcgtatgactttcttctgctttcat ttgtgttcattattgatatcttttgaaccttgcaggaacctctctccactttagccgctgagtttcagtctggc agccccattttacaggagaaaataaaggtccatatggatttggcagttataatatgtaatagacatattttggt tgatctatcgtatcaatggatggtgcttcaatttgttcttataatttcttgcttggtctgcagttgcttggtga acagtatgatgctttaagaaggacacgaggagatggaaactgcttttatcgaagctttatgttttcctacttgg tattatttttggtctgtttccatacaaactttgactattttataagctgatgatcttatcatttgcttctagga acatatcctagagacacaagacaaagctgaggttgagcgcattctaaaaaaaattgagcagtgcaagaagactc ttgcagatcttggatacattgagttcacctttgaagatttcttctct gtaa gtctttattgttactttgtgtgg tcctccttacttatcctgttcaattgctgttttgcaacttatgccagatgtattccctctgaatagtatgaaga tctgtccgattattttcatgtatgcttgtttgcatttcctttttagatgttcctggaataatttttgtatgagc tagttataatgagagcttgtgcattttcctgtcatgcaacaaattaaatactagtgtctaatccttgtgcattg ttaataactttgaaaatgattagccttgaagattggtccattatatatatgttcacttgtttcttagttaggat cactcaccagtcacccttctgaagttcataatgtatcacttataagtaagctagcaaaacaaaatttggactgt ttgtagccacccagaacccaaatagatggatttcacattattttctactggctttgggagttatttgatcgatg ctagtacaacgttgaaatttgggtagttgagatgcgtttttcacaaaggactcctttattggtgcttgatctac aactggtgttttacttttttacaaaaaaatgtaatctccttgcagtgcactcaaattattgcaacctccttcct tatgttcccaccctcattattttcagatattcattgatcagctggaaagtgttctgcagggacatgaatcctcc atagggtaaatatcctagagttatatttgtatccttaatgcatatgaccaataatcatgtattaacaacaaagc aatttttgtaattgtttataaagtatggcatgtccatcataaatgttttccttctgtagtgaatctattttgtt ttcctgtatccttagggccgaagagcttctagaaagaaccagggatcagatggtttctgattatggtttgtaca tccagatatgtgtagtatgcctttctctgctttgctctcattatttaactatgtcttctttagttgtcatgttc tttaggtttgtcacctctggtgaaatccaaaggagggctgagttcttcgaaccattcatctctggcttgacaaa ttcgactgtggttcaggttagctccatacttccattttatgagggtttgtacagtcgttggggaggtattatga ggtacaatacctccaggtaccgggagttaccacacataagcataaaatgtgtggtgcctctccaaggaccacaa gaaatctcttcattatatttgtaatgcacagagcagagagtacagacaaatagacctgcactctgcattttcat taagtatttagatgtgagattattctatgttttatctctcttgttagtattttttgctctgttttataatggaa gttcattttcttgggaactgtcattcacaaaacaatgagttatcgtaccctgccatttagtagggaatttggtg gtaaaaaaccattaactttttcttcaattttgtgccttctgcacaaggtgggatagggcatatattgtggaaca aaagagtgcacaatgactaattatttagtatgcatcacactggagtatgatatactagtggaaaggttatggca aaataccatgatagtagcttgatagattagcaggtccgtaagtatttttccaatgataatgttttattcattaa actgtagcaggataaaatctacttatgcacctttttttcatgagtagcaaacaatgcattctctggtttgaaaa acttgttcaagttgcagtgtgttattccaatccgtgtttgtgtgacaagcaattgctggagttactgatcctga gttcaattcaatttgcagttctgcaaggcttccgtggagccgatgggcgaggaaagtgaccatgtccacataat tgccctatcagatgcgttgggtgtgccaatccgtgtgatgtacctagacagaagctcatgtgatgctggaaata taagtgtgaaccaccatgatttcagccctgaggccaattcatcggacggtgctgctgctgctgagaaaccttac attactttgctctaccgtcctggtcactacgacattctctacccgaagtga SEQ ID NO: 4 OsOTUB1 nucleic acid (cDNA from IR66167-27-5-1-6) atgggcggggactactaccactcgtgctgcggcgaccccgaccccgacctccgcgcgcccgaggggcccaagct gccgtacgtcggggacaaggaacctctctccactttagccgctgagtttcagtctggcagccccattttacagg agaaaataaagttgcttggtgaacagtatgatgctttaagaaggacacgaggagatggaaactgcttttatcga agctttatgttttcctacttggaacatatcctagagacacaagacaaagctgaggttgagcgcattctaaaaaa aattgagcagtgcaagaagactcttgcagatcttggatacattgagttcacctttgaagatttcttctctatat tcattgatcagctggaaagtgttctgcagggacatgaatcctccataggggccgaagagcttctagaaagaacc agggatcagatggtttctgattatgttgtcatgttctttaggtttgtcacctctggtgaaatccaaaggagggc cgagttcttcgaaccattcatctctggcttgacaaattcgactgtggttcagttctgcaaggcttccgtggagc cgatgggcgaggaaagtgaccatgtccacataattgccctatcagatgcgttgggtgtgccaatccgtgtgatg tacctagacagaagctcatgtgatgctggaaatataagtgtgaaccaccatgatttcagccctgaggccaattc atcggacggtgctgctgctgctgagaaaccttacattactttgctctaccgtcctggtcactacgacattctct acccgaagtga SEQ ID NO: 5 OsOTUB1 nucleic acid (genomic from IR66167-27-5-1-6) atgggcggggactactaccactcgtgctgcggcgaccccgaccccgacctccgcgcgcccgaggggcccaagct gccgtacgtcggggacaaggtgagatgttgacgcctctctctctctctgtctctctcgctcgctttgactcatc tgcgctttgactcatctgcggtcgatagatttgttcatgtggtagaaatgggtctgaatcgtggtaagacgccc agtgttgccatgccagtatccgctagttgtgccagcaggtgaggcgatagatcagtcctgttagtctagttgga tgctgattgttggtcatcattactgttgtattggtgctccatttctatgtgaattgacattttaaggcgtctat acaagcagtggggactagaatttggataacaagtaacaatttccccttattgcgtcatcttaaaggataagagg agttatcagatgctggattttctcctttatttttagtcgtggtgcctggaataatggagattggctgaacaagt tcatatcagttgtgtccattttcatcctctggatggtcagtccttaagtattgtcaggcgctattgttgtgagt tgtaactgttgtacttgattttttagcttcgttggtgaactgatgtttggaggttcatgcagaagtcagaacca tggggaattagaatttggatgaacagacagcaattacctttcgtgttctcttctaggaaaagaagggtttatct gttatcatttgctggatgtgctccttacttaatatttatgcatggaataatagagatggccaaacaagtttgct ccatagcgtattatgattctaggataaaagtggtgtcatcctttaatcgtcacacctaggacaataaatgtgaa ggacgaacttgttgatgcagaataatagcctatgctagtcaattcagcacagaaactgaggttaaatgtgtccc aaaagtttcagttaaggttcacactaggatttacacgaacagaacaaatctgcaaatatagtccatatgagaag gtggagagctacatacacacaatttcatatgaaatggaaaatgatgttggcactaaacttggatttaggtcaag tagttagatatttgatgcctcaaatttattttgttctgttaattgcaagcaccttttcacaatggaggacacta atgcattgctatgattatctctgtgtttgtacagttattttaggctatcgtatgactttcttctgctttcattt gtgttcattattgatatcttttgaaccttgcaggaacctctctccactttagccgctgagtttcagtctggcag ccccattttacaggagaaaataaaggtccatatggatttggcagttataatatgtaatagacatattttggttg atctatcgtatcaatggatggtgcttcaatttgttcttataatttcttgcttggtctccagttgcttggtgaac agtatgatgctttaagaaggacacgaggagatggaaactgcttttatcgaagctttatgttttcctacttggta ttatttttggtctgtttccatacaaactttgactattttataagctgatgatcttatcatttgcttctaggaac atatcctagagacacaagacaaagctgaggttgagcgcattctaaaaaaaattgagcagtgcaagaagactctt gcagatcttggatacattgagttcacctttgaagatttcttctctgtaagtctttattgttactttgtgtggtc ctccttacttatcctgttcaatttctgttttgcaacttatgccagatgtattccctctgaatagtatgaagatc tgtccgattattttcatgtatgcttgtttgcatttcctttttagatgttcctggaataatttttgtatgagcta gttataatgagagcttgtgcattttcctgtcatgcaacaaattaaatactagtgtctaatccttgtgcattgtt aataactttgaaaatgattagccttgaagattggtccattatatatatgttcacttgtttcttagttaggatca ctcaccagtcacccttctgaagttcataatgtatcacttataagtaagctagcaaaacaaaatttggactgttt gtagccacccagaacccaaatagatggatttcacattattttctactggctttgggagttatttgatcgatgct agtacaacgttgaaattttgggtagttgagatgcatttttcacaaaggactcctttattggtgcttgatctaca actggtgttttacttttttacaaaaaaatgtaatctccttgcagtgcactcaaattattgcaacctccttcctt atgttcccaccctcattattttcagatattcattgatcagctggaaagtgttctgcagggacatgaatcctcca tagggtaaatatcctagagttatatttgtatccttaatgcatatgaccaataatcatgtattaacaacaaagca ttttttgtaattgtttataaagtatggcatgtccatcataaatgttttccttctgtagtgaatctattttgttt tcctgtatccttagggccgaagagcttctagaaagaaccagggatcagatggtttctgattatggtttgtacat ccagatatgtgtagtatgcctttctctgctttgctctcattatttaactatgtcttctttagttgtcatgttct ttaggtttgtcacctctggtgaaatccaaaggagggccgagttcttcgaaccattcatctctggcttgacaaat tcgactgtggttcaggttagctccatacttccattgtatgagggtttgtacagttgttggggaggtattatgag gtacaatacctccaggtaccgggagttaccacacataagcataaaatgtgtggtgcctctccaaggaccacaag aaatctcttcattatatttgtaatgcacagagcagagagtacagacaaatagacctgcactctgcattttcatt aagtatttagatgtgagattattctatgttttatctctcttgttagtattttttgctctgttttataatggaag ttcattttcttgggaactgtcattcacaaaacaatgagttatcgtaccctgccatttagtagggaatttggtgg taaaaaaccattaactttttcttcaattttgtgccttctgcacaaggtgggatagggcatatattgtggaacaa aagagtgcacaatgactaattatttagtatgcatcacactggagtatgatatactagtggaaaggttatggcaa aataccatgatagtagcttgatagattagcaggtccgtaagtatttttccaatgataatgttttattcattaaa ctgtagcaggataaaatctacttatgcacctttttttcatgagtagcaaacaatgcattctctggtttgaaaaa cttgttcaagttgcagtgtgttattccaatccgtgtttgtgtgacaagcaattgctggagttactgatcctgag ttcaattcaatttgcagttctgcaaggcttccgtggagccgatgggcgaggaaagtgaccatgtccacataatt gccctatcagatgcgttgggtgtgccaatccgtgtgatgtacctagacagaagctcatgtgatgctggaaatat aagtgtgaaccaccatgatttcagccctgaggccaattcatcggacggtgctgctgctgctgagaaaccttaca ttactttgctctaccgtcctggtcactacgacattctctacccgaagtga SEQ ID NO: 6 OsOTUB1 promoter sequence from Zhefu802 gagttgaagttgttgctgctgtcataagtactatctgctaaatgggcacactcctagcattattagaactgaga aatatcccaagcaatgaaagcgacaaaaaagtacccgtttgaagacatgattgacatggtcacatcaaacaccg gacatcaacatctaaatgtacataacaaggccaaaataattttcgatgctggttggtgctaccaagtcccacgt atgatacttaagaatcaatcatgaatattacaaatcaagtcaaactacgttatgtattgaactcttataattac tgcaacatatcacactggaatttcctatggtaattcctcgccagccttatcctacccatcccttgcagtatatt aagagcatcaacaacaaacatgattcaagacaacttttattaacactgaacaacataaattgggaacaaaacaa accacttggaggcatgattaggataatcggtattaaagaactggacatcacaattcacaactagatgttgaaat aatacctgtctcttctttggctcatggcaggtgtcagtgaaatatactgatgctccaagagagctggaagcacc gtttccacgtaatcaaaatgtccttttcgtttgctgcaatcaaccttaaagggctcttttgatgctatctcttc aggcatgtcctttacaacttccacataacctctggtttgctcaatgaagtaatcaacatcgaaaacgtctgcaa atccactgacagagaataccaataagtgatgaactaccttttgaacagaaataaactgcataactacaagtagc acagtcgttcatcttgtagagtgattctcatacctagattcattccagtaggcagcaacctcaaacttgggcag aaccattgttgcgttgagaaggcgcgcaaccgcaattccatcacatagctgaagaaacattcggaagaataatt acaaccaggagtaacataataacatagccagttgaaatcacattcgccttgcaatgtgaaaattttcataaata atctgaaaatttagttatgccactatatatcatgcaacctgcctccacgacattttaatcatggagtagaagat aaaacatatgatccccctcattgaccctactatcttactacttgtgcatggccgaacgatctaacagcgaaatc cagaaagccaacactcatttgatcccactaacaacggaagagagaaacgctagccgagatcgcttaacgtacat cgcgtcgcagctggttgagcccgccgtagcagtcgatccggatgtacccattcctcctcgacggagctgcagaa gaagaggaggttcaaaaccgcaatcaccaccacagtctcaagcagagatgtccactacccggatccttaaaccc aaaccacaaatcacggcgaggtctcacccggcattgccgcccgccaccacccgcacgaccgccactccgccacc cgccgctgcgcccatatgacccgcgaccccgacgccgacggcgactcctccctaaagaccaaaagcgagtaagc gagatccgtaagcttctggaacaatctcgagcatcagctgcaagaggtgaggctgggccgcgtacctggaggtg ggaagagtgaagaagaaaggcggagaggagggtggagagaggaggaagtagagcgcgggggcgaggaagatgac cggtaggaggatgcggacgcggctgcgcgcccaccacgccgccggcgacgccgacgacgacatcgcctcgccgc gagaagcactggatctgatcggccgccgcctccacgccggagtggagagcgtatataagctcgtcagaatgtgg gcccgtggctatgtgggcccaccatgtcatcgacgcttatcaagatcgagcggtggcgtgaggaaaccggtagg ggtgggggggctaaccaatcggaaacgcgtaataactcacccgcggttcactttctccttatgacacgtgggcc catctcttcctggacccacctgtcagttacccttacggcctccactctgaggatctaaacgtaaaaacgaattt atcggagggcttatccgcgaggggaaaaaaacgcgcacttatttctcgccttcgccgagatctcggaagagaag aacacgcaccgcggggagaggggagagaagcggaaagctccaccgaatcgaagcccccacacacgcgaagctgg cgcgggaggcggccgacgcgagcgcccggaagcgcaaggcggcggacggcggcggggagggcgacgccgcggcg acggtcccggaggaggcggtgatgggggaggcggcggcggcagccgcggcccccgagccggtcgtcgagggggg aggaggggggggggaggggttgaatcctaaccctagcggcggtgggggaggaggtggtggagggtgctcggact ccgtgtcggtcgagctctcg SEQ ID NO: 7 TuOTUB1 cDNA sequence Atgggcggggactactaccacgcctgctgcggcgacccggaccccgaccacaagcccgagggaccccaggtgcc gtacatcggtaacaaggaacctctctccgccttagcagcagagttccagtctggcagccccattttacaggaga aaataaagttgcttggtgaacaatatgatgctttaaggcgaacacgaggagatggaaactgcttttatcgaagc tttatgttctcctacctggaacatatcctagagacacaagatagagctgaggttgagcgcatcctaaaaaacat tgaacagtgcaagatgacactttcaggtcttggatacattgaattcacttttgaagacttcttctctatgttca ttgaggagctgcaaaatgttctgcagggacacgaaacttctattgggcctgaagaacttctagaaagaaccagg gatcaaacgacttctgattatgttgtcatgttctttaggtttgttacctctggtgaaattcaaaggagggctga gttctttgaaccatttatttctggcttgacaaattcgaccgtggctcagttttgcaagtcttctgtggagccaa tgggcgaggaaagcgaccatgtgcacattattgctctgtcagatgcgttaggggtgccaatccgcgtgatgtac ctagaccgaagctcctgtgacacaggcaatctaagtgtgaaccaccatgatttcattcctgcagccaattcctc tgaaggtgatgctgcaatgggattaaatccggctgaggagaaaccttacattactctgctctaccggcctggtc actatgatattctctacccaaag SEQ ID NO: 8 HvOTUB1 cDNA sequence Atgggcggggactactaccacgcctgctgcggcgaccccgaccccgaccccaagcccgagggaccccaggtgcc gtacatcggtaacaaggaacctctctccgccttagcagcagagttccagtctggcagccccattttacaggaga aaataaagttgcttggtgaacaatatgatgctttaagacggacacgaggagatggaaactgcttttatcgaagc tttatgttctcctacctggaacatatccttgagacacaagacagagctgaggttgagcgcatcctaaaaaacat tgaacaatgcaagaagacactttcaggtcttggatacattgagttcacttttgaggacttcttctctatgttca ttgaggagctgcaaaatgttctgcagggacacggaacttctattgggcctgaagaacttctagaaagaaccagg gatcagacgacttctgattatgttgtcatgttctttagatttgttacctctggtgaaattcaaaggagggctga gttctttgaaccatttatttctggcttgacaaattcgaccgtggttcagttttgcaagtcttctgtggagccaa tgggcgaggaaagtgaccatgtgcacattattgctctgtcagatgcgttaggggtgccaatccgcgtgatgtac ctagaccgaagctcttgtgacacaggcaatctaagtgtgaaccaccatgatttcatccctgcagccaattcctc tgaaggtgatgctgcaatgggattaaatcctgctgatgagaaaccttacattactctgctctaccggcctggtc actatgacattctctacccgaagtga SEQ ID NO: 9 ZmOTUB1 cDNA sequence atgggcgacgttccacaggcgccgcacgctgcgggaggtggagaagagtgggcggggccggaccctaaccctag cccgagcctcggcggctgctcggaccccgtgtcggtggagctctccatgggcggggactactaccgcgcctgct gcggcgagcccgatcccgacatccccgaggggcccaagctgccgtgcgttggggacaaggaacctctctcctct ttagcagctgagtttcagtctggcagccccattttacaagagaaaattaagttgcttggcgagcaatatggtgc tttaagacgtacacgtggagatggaaactgcttttatcgaagctttatgttttcctacctggaacacatcctag agacacaagacaaagctgaggctgatcgcatcatggtaaaaattgaggaatgcaagaaaacactcctctctctt ggatatattgagttcacttttgaggacttcttttcgatattcattgaactgctggaaagtgttctgcagggaca tgaaactcctatagggtttgtcacttctggtgaaattcaaaggaggtctgacttctttgaaccgttcatatctg gcttgacaaattcaaccgtggttcagttctgcaaggcttctgtggaacctatgggtgaggaaagtgaccatgtg cacataattgccctatcagatgcactaggcgtaccaatccgtgttatgtacctagaccgaagctcgtgtgacac tggcaacctgagcgtgaatcaccacgatttcatcccgtcggccaatgattcggagggtgatgcggccacgacac ctgctcctgccacagagaaaccgtacatcactttgctctaccgtcctggccactacgatattctctacccaaag tga SEQ ID NO: 10 SbOTUB1 cDNA sequence atgggcgacgtgccccaggcgccgcacgccgcggaaggaggaggaggaggactggaggagggggcggtgcccga ccctaaccctagcccgagcctgagcctcggcggctgctcggaccccgtgtcgctggagctctccatgggcgggg actactaccgcgcctgctgcggcgaccccgaccccgacatccccgaggggcccaagctgccgtgcgttggggaa aaggaacctctctcctctttagcagccgagtttcagtctggcagccccattttacaagagaaaattaagttgct tggcgaacaatatggtgctttaagacggacacgtggagatggaaactgcttttatcgaagctttatgttctcct acttggaacacatcctagagacacaagacaaagctgaggctgatcgcatcatggtaaaaattgaggattgcaag aagacgctcctgtctcttggatatattgagttcacttttgaggatttctttgcgatattcattgatatgctgga aagtgttctgcagggacatgaaactcctatagggtttgtcacttctggtgaaattcaaaggaggtctgacttct ttgaaccattcatatctggcttgacaaattcaactgtggttcagttctgcaaggcttctgtggaacctatgggt gaggaaagtgaccatgttcacataattgccctatcggatgcactaggtgtacctatccgtgttatgtacctaga ccgaagctcgtgtgatactggcaatctgagtgtgaatcaccatgatttcatcccttcgtccaatgcttctgagg gtgatgctgcgatgacatctactcctgacgctgagaaaccttacatcactttgctctaccgtcctggtcactat gatattctctacccaaagtga SEQ ID NO: 11 AtOTUB1 cDNA sequence atgcagaatcagattgatatggtgaaggatgaagcggaagtagctgcatcgatttcagcaattaagggtgaaga atggggaaattgttcatcagtggaagatcaaccatcttttcaagaagaagaagctgctaaagttccttatgttg gtgataaggaacctctgtctagtttagctgcagagtatcaatcagggagtcccattttgctggagaagattaag atactggacagtcaatatatcggaatccggcgaacaagaggagatggaaattgcttcttccgaagttttatgtt ctcttaccttgagcatatattggaatcacaagatcgtgctgaagtcgatcgtatcaaggtcaatgttgagaaat gtagaaagactctgcaaaacttaggttatacagattttacatttgaggacttctttgcgttgttccttgagcaa ctagatgacattctccaaggaactgaagagtctataagctacgatgagctggttaacagaagtagagatcagtc agtctcagattacattgtaatgttctttaggtttgttactgctggtgatatacgaacgcgtgccgattttttcg agccttttataacaggcttatcaaatgcaacagtggatcagttttgcaagtcctcggtcgaaccaatgggggaa gagagtgaccatattcacataactgctttgtcggacgcacttggtgttgcaatccgtgttgtgtatcttgaccg tagctcatgtgatagtgggggcgtcactgtgaatcatcatgactttgttcctgtgggcattaccaatgagaaag atgaagaagcttctgctccatttataaccttgctgtatcgtccaggccattacgatatcctctaccccaagcca tcttgtaaggtatcagacaatgtggggaaa SEQ ID NO: 12 GmOTUB1 cDNA sequence Atgcagagtaaagaagctgttgtggaagatggggaaataaagagtgtgactgctgtagggtctgaaattgatgg gtggaccaattttggggacgatgacataatgcagcagcagtatacaattcagtctgaagaggctaagaaagttc catctgtgggcgacaaggaaccactgagtagcttagctgctgaatataaatcaggcagtcctatcttgctggag aaaataaaggtgcttgatgagcaatacgctgccattcgtcgtactcgaggagatggaaactgcttctttcgaag ctttatgttttcatatcttgagcatgttatgaaatgtcaagaccaagcagaagttgatcgtatccaagccaatg ttgaaaaaagtagaaaagcactgcagaccttgggttatgcagacttgacttttgaagatttttttgcgttattc cttgagcagctggaatctgttattcaagggaaagagacttccataagtcatgaagagcttgttcttagaagccg agatcagtcagtatctgattatgtcgttatgttcttcagatttgttacctctgccgcaatacaaaagcgcacag aattttttgaaccattcatactaggcttaactaatacaacggtcgagcagttttgcaaatcatctgttgaacca atgggtgaagagagcgaccatgtgcacattactgccctttcagatgcattgggcattccagtccgtgttgtgta ccttgaccgcagctcaagtgatactggtggtgtcagtgtaaatcatcatgatttcatgccagtggctggtgatc tcccaaatgctagttgcagctctgaaaagaacattcctttcatcacactactatatcgtcctggtcactatgac atcctctatccaaaatga SEQ ID NO: 13 brassica napus cDNA sequence Atgcagaatcagaatgatacggtgaaggatgatgcggagctcgctgcttccatctcggctgaacaatggggatg ctgttcagtggaggaaccatcttttcaagatgatgaagctgctaaagttccttatgttggtgataaggagccta tgtctagtttagctgcagagtaccaagcagggagccccattttgcttgagaagataaaggtactggacagtcaa tatgttgcaatcaggcgaacaagaggagatggaaactgcttcttccgaagttttatgttctcttaccttgagca tattttggaatcacaagatggtgctgaagttgaccgtatcaagctcaatgttgaaaaatgtagaaagaatctgc agaacttaggctacacagatttcacatttgaggacttctttgcgttgttccttgagcaactagatgacatcctc caaggaggcgaagagtctataagctatgatgagctggttaacagaagtagagatcagtctgtttccgactacat tgtgatgttcttcaggtttgttactgctggtgaaataaaaacgcgtgctgagttcttcgagccttttataacag gattatctaataccacagtggatcagttttgcaagacatcagttgaaccgatgggggaagagagtgaccatatt cacataacagctttgtcggacgcgcttggtgttgcaatccgggttgtgtatcttgaccgtagctcatgtgatac tggaggtggtgtcactgtgaaccatcacgactttgttcccgttggcagtggcactaatgagaaagaagaagctt cttctgctgctccctttataacattgctctatcgtccaggccattacgatatcctctaccccaaggtattggag aatgtggaaaaatga SEQ ID NO: 14 TuOTUB1 amino acid MGGDYYHACCGDPDPDHKPEGPQVPYIGNKEPLSALAAEFQSGSPILQEKIKLLG EQYDALRRTRGDGNCFYRSFMFSYLEHILETQDRAEVERILKNIEQCKMTLSGLG YIEFTFEDFFSMFIEELQNVLQGHETSIGPEELLERTRDQTTSDYVVMFFRFVTS GEIQRRAEFFEPFISGLTNSTVAQFCKSSVEPMGEESDHVHIIALSDALGVPIRV MYLDRSSCDTGNLSVNHHDFIPAANSSEGDAAMGLNPAEEKPYITLLYRPGHYDI LYPK SEQ ID NO: 15 HvOTUB1 amino acid MGGDYYHACCGDPDPDPKPEGPQVPYIGNKEPLSALAAEFQSGSPILQEKIKLLG EQYDALRRTRGDGNCFYRSFMFSYLEHILETQDRAEVERILKNIEQCKKTLSGLG YIEFTFEDFFSMFIEELQNVLQGHGTSIGPEELLERTRDQTTSDYVVMFFRFVTS GEIQRRAEFFEPFISGLTNSTVVQFCKSSVEPMGEESDHVHIIALSDALGVPIRV MYLDRSSCDTGNLSVNHHDFIPAANSSEGDAAMGLNPADEKPYITLLYRPGHYDI LYPK SEQ ID NO: 16 ZmOTUB1 amino acid MGDVPQAPHAAGGGEEWAGPDPNPSPSLGGCSDPVSVELSMGGDYYRACCGEPDP DIPEGPKLPCVGDKEPLSSLAAEFQSGSPILQEKIKLLGEQYGALRRTRGDGNCF YRSFMFSYLEHILETQDKAEADRIMVKIEECKKTLLSLGYIEFTFEDFFSIFIEL LESVLQGHETPIGFVTSGEIQRRSDFFEPFISGLTNSTVVQFCKASVEPMGEESD HVHIIALSDALGVPIRVMYLDRSSCDTGNLSVNHHDFIPSANDSEGDAATTPAPA TEKPYITLLYRPGHYDILYPK SEQ ID NO: 17 SbOTUB1 amino acid MGDVPQAPHAAEGGGGGLEEGAVPDPNPSPSLSLGGCSDPVSLELSMGGDYYRAC CGDPDPDIPEGPKLPCVGEKEPLSSLAAEFQSGSPILQEKIKLLGEQYGALRRTR GDGNCFYRSFMFSYLEHILETQDKAEADRIMVKIEDCKKTLLSLGYIEFTFEDFF AIFIDMLESVLQGHETPIGFVTSGEIQRRSDFFEPFISGLTNSTVVQFCKASVEP MGEESDHVHIIALSDALGVPIRVMYLDRSSCDTGNLSVNHHDFIPSSNASEGDAA MTSTPDAEKPYITLLYRPGHYDILYPK SEQ ID NO: 18 AtOTUB1 amino acid MQNQIDMVKDEAEVAASISAIKGEEWGNCSSVEDQPSFQEEEAAKVPYVGDKEPL SSLAAEYQSGSPILLEKIKILDSQYIGIRRTRGDGNCFFRSFMFSYLEHILESQD RAEVDRIKVNVEKCRKTLQNLGYTDFTFEDFFALFLEQLDDILQGTEESISYDEL VNRSRDQSVSDYIVMFFRFVTAGDIRTRADFFEPFITGLSNATVDQFCKSSVEPM GEESDHIHITALSDALGVAIRVVYLDRSSCDSGGVTVNHHDFVPVGITNEKDEEA SAPFITLLYRPGHYDILYPKPSCKVSDNVGK SEQ ID NO: 19 GmOTUB1 amino acid MQSKEAVVEDGEIKSVTAVGSEIDGWTNFGDDDIMQQQYTIQSEEAKKVPSVGDK EPLSSLAAEYKSGSPILLEKIKVLDEQYAAIRRTRGDGNCFFRSFMFSYLEHVMK CQDQAEVDRIQANVEKSRKALQTLGYADLTFEDFFALFLEQLESVIQGKETSISH EELVLRSRDQSVSDYVVMFFRFVTSAAIQKRTEFFEPFILGLTNTTVEQFCKSSV EPMGEESDHVHITALSDALGIPVRVVYLDRSSSDTGGVSVNHHDFMPVAGDLPNA SCSSEKNIPFITLLYRPGHYDILYPK SEQ ID NO: 20 brassica napus amino acid mqnqndtvkddaelaasisaeqwgccsveepsfqddeaakvpyvgdkepmsslaa eyqagspillekikvldsqyvairrtrgdgncffrsfmfsylehilesqdgaevd riklnvekcrknlqnlgytdftfedffalfleqlddilqggeesisydelvnrsr dqsvsdyivmffrfvtageiktraeffepfitglsnttvdqfcktsvepmgeesd hihitalsdalgvairvvyldrsscdtgggvtvnhhdfvpvgsgtnekeeassaa pfitllyrpghydilypkvlenvek SEQ ID NO: 21 TuOTUB1 promoter sequence: cagtaaaaagtttaaaattgacaacacaccaagaattcagcaatcaaatcaatgacacaatgaatagaaaagtt agcaatgcaatttttaggttcataagatattgcgagtaaccatgaaatcattgttgcattgcaaagagctaact atagaggtaacaccaactaagtttatactactagttatctcaatggttttattctccgcaaatctgcatcttgc ggattatacctgtgaaaagtattcttggactgatgacaatcattagaacagaacccagcacaaatttatcagta ggtcatcatatcacaaagcagacaacaaatcaagattaggtaagttgatgaagtggttggagttagtaaagaag tcatgtaaccaacaaatttagggcacgtgaaagtcttgcattgcatgaactgacatcttagttaaacaaagtta tcactcaagaatatagcgtatcggtgtatttattccaattatgtgagctcaagatgattgcaaagggaaagggg gaagggctataaagctatgaagataacttttatatgagagtgtacagttttggatagtaacgcagcatgccaaa ttcgaaggttgatagtcagaatcgtgattctgaatcggatcggggccctaatggtagggtcgcatatcgcagaa tcttcactacgaaaatcacagaaacatagattttaccaaacagaatcatagaatcatgagttagtttggattgt caagtcgtagaatcgtacaacagaatcgcgattctgactacttttaacatattcactcctaatttgcactgaga aaaaaaagataaatacagggaaataatttgcatggttacatcacacatctaaacaaagacaaatacgacaaata catatgattttctacactgcttgatgatactatgtctcatgtatgccaacttaagaatgcagtcaatgacacca cgaatctgcttcatacaaggaacacctactactgcaatatatatttttcgaaaggattactgcaatctatctac tttaagttacaggtagatatacgtgccctcgaaagatataagaattttagcactggagaacttcatcgccagcc ttattactccctccaatccgaattaattgatgcagcctctatacaatgacattatgctaagatcggagggagta ttctatatccatccttcacattatgctaagatcctcagcagcagatacaactcaagacctttgatgtgaacaat gaacaaaatagcttggaaaataataaatggacagtatgactaagataattggtattatgaaaatggaaagtaga tttcaggtatcaactagataactcggcaatacctatcttttctttggctcatggcaggtgtcagagaaatgtat cgatgttctaaaagagctggaagaactgtttctacataatcaaaatgtcctttccgttttcggcaatcgacctt aaatggctctttcaacgatatctcctcgggcatatccttcaccacttccacataacctctagtttgctcaatga agtgatcaacatcaaacacgtctgcaaaaccactgacaaagcattctgataagcacatgattagtttttgaaca gaagtgcactacatagaaacaacagtagaagccttcgtttcaccccaagtgactccagtacctagactcattcc agtatgcagcaacctcaaacttgggcagaaccattgtcgcgttcagaagacgtgcaaccgcaattccatcgcac agctgcagaacaattgcgccagaggccagaataattacaaccgaggaacttgtaacatagccaatcgacaacgc acaccactgcacaacattctatacaatgctacctatttcctaaagctaaatcatatgatcccactattgactcc acgagcctatacttgtcacttgtgcattcagtacatggccagatgatccaagtttaacagtacatacataagaa aaggaagtcttactccattacaaggaggataaaccaagtttaacatacatcgcgccgcagctggttgaggccgc cgtagcaatctatcctgatgtagccattcctcgtcgacggagctgctgaaggagagcggggacagaaaccaatc atcaccacaacccaagccaatcctaaactctgaccgaaaaccacgaagcacacaaggcctcaccgggcattgcc gtctgccaccactcgcacggccgccactccgccaaacgccgctgcgcccatatgagccgcgaccccgacggcga atgctccctgcgggaaaatcccaatgcgggggatctgtaacttccaggaagagtccagaagaacctggtatggc aggtcggggcggggcgcgtacctggaggccggtagggcgaagaaggatggggaggagcgcggggaggcgaggaa gaagaagagggcggcggcgaggaagagggccgggagaaggaggcgtatgtggtggggggccgcgcctgttcgcc accacgccccccgccgacgccgctacctacgagaagcactggatctgatcgccggcggcgacgcggcgtcaccg cgagcacggaagtacgacctgtccgccagaatgagggtcccacatgtaaataagggaccacctgtcatggatgg ttatccagatcgagaggtggcgtgtgggaatggagcagggtggtggtccagcaggaacagcgttaacttcctga aaatggaacgcgggcccgctgcgtcagccccacatgtcagggtcacgaagtacaccatgaaggtggatgacgcg aagggcttatcttcaaaacgacacgcacataccctttgtttcgcctgcggcgagatctccgactgccacaaaag cgaaggtctcctccgcccgaatcaaagccgtcgtctcgaannnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnntccggcccccgaggacgcggcc SEQ ID NO: 22 HvOTUB1 promoter sequence: aatacagaaagtacgaaactcaggtaaccacgaggaagttgcatcacgtctcctcaggtttaagtcattgactt gggagtcctcggtgttcacacaaggtcaagatatctactggcttttcccccttcagagacagcaaagaaagcac gcccaccactgtcctttctaacatgtgatttataggttgtccaatgctgtcaacactgcaacaaagcgatggcc gctggtatgtgcagcatgtttgaaatcaaaatgcttgcatcagtatatatgaaaatgtaacgatgagaagaggt atacactggggagtatgattagtgaatgaagggaggttattcttccatccgctgcttgcttgagctgccaaacg gaaggaatgagcagcggaataccaagtgtcatgtacaccttccttacagttaaagatcgcatgctcaacaccaa tttgtttaagcttgcttgcttgccacgacgtaaaatatgaaaataaccactagtcacatagtccctccattctt aaacattccaaccgtccgaaaatacttgtcatatgaattcatatatctagatgtaatttagttctagatatatc catttttatatatttgtgcgataagtaatttcaggcggagggagtataagttttttaaagatttcactagggac tacatacggatgtatatagacatactttagagtatagatacatccattttgctttgtatgcagtctgtagtgga atctctaaaaaagacttatatttaagaacagagggagtagattactagcccaaacacggagtgatgaagaacat ggcccgtgcaattggaagtgttgtttaatgtatcaaccgccagtgggtgattgatgcacactccactcgttggc gcagaatgcatcatgcattgcatttggggtttctagttaagcataactctcattgacttgttaacaattgagat ggacagttgttggaatcgattctccttctagaagcaaaattgaccagggcaacaagaaccaaacaacttcctag ccaaagaaatgaataagcagctaagtatgtaaacattgcgatgcacacaataagaatccggttatggaacccaa ctctacaacaaactatgtaaatgtggtgtatttcccagtgatggatcagattaatcacaggccattacaccacc tgacagtagatcagtagctagtttctgagcaatgcaaaattcaaaaattatacatatatccccccaaaaaattt cctgcttgttagttatctaagaacaaagttttcaacctatctatacccctcaaatgttgagtttgggcctgggc atatttccagttgcaaaaggaaatgccagaatgattcgctaggtagtaagtgtgcgtgtacatgtctgagctac tatctgaactcaccgaaaacagtatccagaagaggccatgatgcattgttgtatgagtgataattgctctctga atcaagaggatgtgcagcttgcgactctgatgaagaacggtttcttctgaagggcattacattatgcccactgc agtagcaactcagccacaatgcgatctattagtcgctaccgataagaaggtggctgtgtagattggtccttgtg ttatatgggctcacttgtgcagttgtgctacaacttgaactcacagaagcaatgttcagggagagctaatcccc tccccagaatataatcctctcgatgagcatcccacatggccttagctagttggtctcctgccagtccagcagcc gtgtagtttgcgaaggccctcctactcaagaccaatgtcttctgtagcccttgcattgttctcattgcagttac catcttatccatatttccaaagaacgtggcaacataagcatcgctgttgactgaaacatagtagtcgagagcag cttttgtgttgccatgcatcctctcaaaatcctcatgagtcaggagagacgatttagtatacatatttttgtag atcgaagtgaagccctcgagttccattagcccatccccagcagctaaataaatgtttgtctctgtaggaatacc tagtgcttggaggataaatgctgtttcacttggtgttagagggcactttccacggttcctccacagatgagcag catcaccaatcaatacattcctgtcctccccacgtgcagcttcaatcgcatccagtgatttggaagaaagggca ctgtattcacatcgactgtaggcaaccatatctggttcaaatctaaggtgaagtgataagaaaggttttggtat tgcttggagaagcttcatagctttggcttctaccttcttgttcaactggagtgcattgtagcaaccttggcagt aacaagctttcgcatgtgatggatatctgagaaaatacaggcatatacatcagcatggggaaaaggcagatcca aggtgaataattacaacagcgaaaagtttaaaattgacaacacaccaagaagtcagcaattaaatcaatgacac gatgaataggaaatttagcaatgcaatttttaggttcataagaaattgagagcaattaaatcataagacattgt tacatcgcaaagaactaactacagagtaacattaactaagtttacacaactagttatcttaaaggctttattct ccgcaaatccgcatcttgcagattatacctgtgaaaagtcttcttggactgatgacaatcattagaacagaaac cggcacaaatttatcagtaggtcatcgtatcgcaaagcagacaacaaatcaagattaggtaagttgaagtggtt ggagttagtaaagaattcatgtaaccaacaaatttaaggcacgtgaaagtcttgcattgtatgaaactatgaat tgacatcttagttaaacaaagttatcacgcgatagtatagtgtatcagtgtatttattctaattatgcatagtt tttaaggagtcgaggcgttttaaggcgttgagggggggct SEQ ID NO: 24: .ZmOTUB1 promoter sequence: tcaatacatttggaaagtacaaatgaacatcacatcaaacatgtacaaacattagaacacaactcaaaagatgt agtattaaataaaggagaatgaggtcaagttataaaatgaactaatcctaattaggagttgattactctataag tgtttggaacatatctcaaaaaggtaaagtagtaatttaaacaagaaagagattaaatcataagatggacttat ctcatttaggaatttgattattctttaagtgttatctataattacataacctaattctattcatttcattgaga cctaaaagttaaaccaaaatgaattcatgtaacacatattattaatctcacaagattaaatatattttaactcc tagggctttcatttttatttatttcattaaatgaataaatcaacatatacattaaacttatactctaggtgtaa aattaaagtgcacagaccatagatgaacttaatttatttggacagagaataatattatgaacattttacaattt gaaccactaaatttggagttcatatgaaaaagatatgaaataaacaagttttgaagttgaaatatgaaattagg gctaaatttgtgattaaataaaagtacagggggctatccaaaagaaaccaggggcctacgcgctaaaacagagg acgtcgggttgatttcctaaaagccgagggtctcttaagtaaaacttacacgtgaagggggtacggggtaacct cggccatcagatcagagatcaacgacaaggattagatcgcgtgggcgcgggcgcgtggacgcgactaacaggcg gggacggggcgtcagcgagtcagggcgggctgaccagccgggcccaggggcaggggcgcaggtgagggggagaa gggagagcggccggatctagatcggagcgctgcgattagatccgcaataatgaaacctaaaccgcacgatctcg gacgaacgcccgagatctatcgactgggggcggacacaaacgcggtggcgccgctcggtcccgcgccgacagtg agcggtggcgaagctctctgttcgcgcgggcagagcgagagagagggcgagggggtttggctgagggcgcaagt gagcgaggggaggtgggcgagcagggcgcggggctcaaaagggacgcaggcgcggggacgtggccggagaacgc gcggacgtgggcgcgtccaccgcgggggatcgtgggcgggaggttggggatgaccgacaggtgggctcggtggg acagagagagagagagagagcgggcgcggagggaaaggaacgacgtcgacaactcggtcccacagagcagcgag agagggggagagagggcgcgctggagagacagacagacaggcggggtccgcctgtcagcgtgggcgggcgcggg cgcgcgcgcaagctgggccgacttgggctaactgggccagattggctttttctatttccagggaatttctattt gctttttttatttattttctctagggttttcaattcaaattcaaatctagtttcaaattcaaaccaaatcaaac atgtgcaacaattcaagaatatttaggctcaatatgatgcaacatttcatgactcatatgttttgggcaaaata aaataaataatccctcactaattaaactaaccctaatcaaaagaggaagagggggagagaaactagagagagag aaactagagtgagatagagaagagtaacacctgaatttggatgataatatgaaagaaattttataccccaaatt cagggtgttacaatcgctgtgcactattttttgcgcgcgctgcacaggcgctgggcgtggggagggtgaagtcg tggtagcatcaggtgcccacattagattcttaatagattattattactagttggttgctcatactttgctacgg ttattatatactccatccgttccataatataaggcgtaaccattttttgttcttgtccccacaatataagacat gctctctctatgcatacgtacattaatgcagtgatatagagaaaattaaatatatttcttggtatttgaaccag aggtggttacgccttatatactaggacagagggagtatcatataaataggtatttagatatttattcaaatgta actattgtttatttctaaacactaaggtatgtgtggtctggtggttagctccaaatttctgaagcagggggcgt gggctcgagtagttgccctgcatttttttgcgcggtgtgatgggtgggcctagagtgtcagaaggtgaagctgt gatatcatcatgtgcccacattagattcttaatagattagtatagattattaattattactaggtatgtgtccg cttgttgccacgaggctgagaagcgtggggaggggcgcctaagctacaaatataatttttgtttatttgtaaac actaaagtatgtgtgatctgatggttagccctaaatttttagagcacaggatgtgagtttgactgctcgttttg tactattttttgtgggctggacgtggggagagtgaagccgtggtaacactaggtgcccacattaggttcttaat agatagtagatagatagattgtttatttgtaaactatatgtgatctggtggttagtcctaaatttctaaagcat agtggtgtgggtttgagtgctcgttctccactatttttgcgctggacgtaaagagagtgaagtcgtagtagcac caggtacctacattagattcttaatagatagcaggggagtagaaatatatatatagaacttatatatatatgcc gaagctttgttttatacattattcttaaccgtttatttttaaataacatatatttttaatagcacgaaatagat gcaaatatttttatggccttaaacaatttaaatagattttattttaatttttaggacttaattatacgactttt tgaacgctataagtaaacggtaaataacaagggcttatcc SEQ ID NO: 25: SbOTUB1 promoter sequence: tattcaacctgagagcactgtagcagccttgacagtatgaagcttttgcatatgaggggtttctgaaaacacac aaacatatatcaatttggcgcagaatcaacctcaagatgaacaactaacattacattaaaaaaattatcatacc aaagagcctaataggactgctgatagaaattgaagaacagaagggttaataaaataatttctaggatatacatt gtcattgccacaatcgtgaatcatagaatagctaaccacgcaaatctgtaggtacatacataagctggaaggac taaactactcgttaccttattatcttatttcactcaacctacatctttagaagatagtaggaaactaaaagatt aggtaaattaaagtggttgctggttcgcaaaaaagtcatataaccaacaaataaaggatacccaaattctcata atatatagacaggcatcttcaccatcaaaattcatagtgtgtacgctctaaccaattaaggtcaggttcgttta ctgcaaagggacaaaaagaattgataaatgcagatcactacagcttttcacagtaagttctaagttgtaaataa aggaaatccagcaaactaaaattttaaaggtttacaaaaatatgctacactaatagttgttagaagtaggaagg ttatatttcaaacaatgaaatcaacaaaaacaccttatccatgtaaagtagcaattaccaactgcttggtcaca tcagatgctaacatctaaagcataaatgactaaataaatactgatttatacttcatcacggcttagttgtagta ctttcacatatactagtcacttagtcaggaacagtaatgataaaactattatacttcataaactattttccctt cggtaggaataggaaatatgaacttcttataaactataatatagtacaaccaagatgccaatcttgtagtcgta caatattttattgctaactgatttattatcaccccttccaacatactaatacaatgagtcaatgaatatagaat aacatattctattagatgtcatgcaaaacccactgtaacttgtgaaacgaatcacttgtaagcatgagtaagag cattagtatattatggaaatggatggaaaatgcaaaggatctatgagatatacaagcagtacctatctcttctt tgattcatggcaggtgtcagtgagatgtattgatgctccaagagagctggaagtacactttcaacataatcaaa atgtcctttccgtttactgcagtcaaccttaaacggctctttggatgctatctccacaggcaagtccttcataa cttccacatatcctctagtctgctcaatgaagtaatcaacatcgaaaacatctgcaaagccactgacagaacaa tccaataagaactactgtaagcatatttcaaacagaactgaactatagaacttcaatcatcatacctagactca ttccaataggcggcaacctcaaacttgggcagaatcatcgttgcgttcagaagacgtgcaaccccaattccgtc acatagctgcagaaccatcacaatagtatcatttagtggcccctccagaactcataagcacaagatatgaagtt atgaacaaaagaaagcacaattgctttatggaacatcaagatcttctgactgaaagttcagcactctcagtctc aggctcagagagtcactactccatgcagtgctgctacgatactgacaaccagagcatgtttcggctaaaatcaa tcatttgatctctacaggaaggaggaaactctaaccgaggtctcttaacgtacatcacgtcgcagctggttgag accaccgtagcagtctattcggatgtacccgttcctcctggacggagctgcacacacagcgcaggcgtcaatca tcagtacgtccaagtccagtatccaaattccacccccaaacagcgaggccttaccttgcactggtgccgtccgc caccacccgcacgggcgccactccaccaaccgccgctgcgcccatatgagccgcgagcccgaaggaggcagctc tctgctacaaaccgaatgcggggttaaggaattgcgctagaacattctgagagggtctgggagtacacgagggg gcgaggcgcgtacccgggggcggggaggctgacgaagggcggcggcgacggcggcgacaggaggaagaagagga cgggcgcgaggaagagggacggtaggaggaaccggaggcggtgctgcgcgcaccacgccgccgccggtgacatg gccggcggcgactcaccgtcgccggagccgccgggtgaggcgcctggatctgatcggccggtggcggcgtgtga tgaggaggagaaagaaatcgaatcccactagcacactgcgcacaccggagccgcaccagggccttgtttagttc caattttttttttcaaaatagaattagtagcacattcgtttgtatttgacaaatattgttcaatcatgaactaa ctaggcttaaaagattcgtctcgttaattccgactaaactgtataattagtttttattttcgtttatatttaat acttcatgtatgcgtctaaagatttgatgtgacggagaatctgaaaaattttacaaattttttttaagtaaaca aggcccgggcgtttcctctcagcagatgaaaaatgggtcccaggccacatgcgggtcccacacgtcatccacaa acagtgacacgtcgaaatggtgttggcctgttgggggcgtagagctggtagcctatagccaataggataggaaa caggtgggaccatgcttgagctacccccacatgtcagtctcacgggagtgtatccagttggagaggggttagac gttagtaaacggtgaacaacaagggcttatccgcaaaacgacacggacgtatttgccccgcttcccgtttccac ctgcgccgagatctcggaagagacgacgcaccgcaggatc SEQ ID NO: 26: GmOTUB1 promoter sequence: tctgttaataatcaataatttgataattataatttttttatcatacaagttaataatgactacacatctttatc aaaattgaaagaagattgaaatctccttaaatcaacttaactgattgtacaagttaaattaggatgcataaatt ataattacataattaaaattaatttctcaatatattttttgtctgaatttcatttctcatagtatatgttcact tgaaaaatatgataaatgaaactaaaataaaataaaaaatataataaataatgtgattagaaagaaagaaaaag acaaaagaagaagaaaaagtaaatatatacatttttacatatttaggtcaaatgactttttttttaatttgatc ttttattttctaaaaaaattattttaatcttttatgtttttaaattgattcgaaatagtccttctgttaaaagc aaatttaacaccattaataatataaagataacccgccacaaaaacataatttcttttctgaaatatctccatac tataattaatacacatcaacaatttttaactcctactataatatttacaaagtttgaaaaaatacacaaaaaca tgttctaacctccatgaacctagaacatccccaacccataaccaaaaacaattgcaacaattcttaaaattggt ttagggcttctaaattgcatatctttacaagcaaaacccaaaaacaatctttgattttgattcaaaaacttgag agaatttacaaatcttgtattcaaaaccaaataaaaagttgcacaacaatctccctctagtgctccttccttcg ttgtgtcactactactgctacaatgattatgagtttgaatgctattatcatcattgttgtcgtcgcattgttca cttctgttgtcacaaattattttaatgatgtttccaacgacgaatgaaatccatcatattagaaaaaagtaaac aaacgagcacaaatatcatagatctaaaattaatctacaaattaaaaaaccaaacacatatatggtatcagtga gtgtttaaaaaaaaatactataagtgaaacccattgtgactctgatggtttcgatgatgacaaacataaactat tcaacgaaagtcacaaaatactaatagtagggactaatttgaatcattttaaataaaaaaataatcaaaataaa ctttataaaaaataaaagattaaattgaaaaaaataagataaagaatcaaatagataatttaacttatgtttta tttcttttcaaagttttcattctgtttgatatagaaacttattatgaatcttttaaaagagtgaaactgaagac cttgtggttagaattatataaattttcaagggcataattttacatttacaaggtttaaaactttcaaaatgaac gaaattattttatttgaaatgaaacattgtttcaatctaaatattttatcatcgatgttttaaaatgtagattc tattaaaaaaatatcatctcaatattatcctagggtgtattggattaagatttcaaaggattttaaaagacttt tttatgattaaaaagtcttgtggtattcaatcaagacttttataaaatataaacaaatcttgtggtattcaatt aagacaataaagatttttttttcagggcaacaaaatctgttggtattcaattgagatttcttaccacttttaaa atgtcttttggtattcaaaagtaaatagattttgatggattcttttgtggaatggattttgagagactttttag ttagaaatacacataaaatactcctccaacaatctcacccaaacccttgagacttttcataatcttccaaagac tttttcttctcctgccgaacaagacacaaaccactaccaggtttattctcttacaacttttcaatcaattttac ctactttttaatgacaatcgatagtcaatattgttcatactatatgtatattacgcaaatcaaaagaaaagggt gctgtatatgcttcaagatttcgtattcatattgttttcaacgtccaggcaatgaatatgcatcaaaagaatga caattgatatgcatcaagatttcatattgcttttttttagtactgtatatgcaaatcaaaataaaaaacttttt tttttttctgtttcttcaacttgttttttttacaacgtccattattattattattattttcttgtgttattatt aaaatattaattattaatgtgttattattatttttttgacagcgtgttattattattattattgtgttaataat tttttaattgttattgtgttattattattgttattttgttaatagttttttttaaatgattttatgatatatga gtattatttttatggaaaatgctaacatgtgcccttaagacacttgttagtgtattatgaacccattgttcaaa cacaagagcaggaacgagaagatgctaatatatggaggactaatataggttcatatatgagaagaaatgctaat aattaggcgaacatgaagtgagaatcactttgttattatttttttaggcaataatgactttgttattaaaaggt ttaaaatttctatcgtttttattttctttattcaaacattataatttatttatcatctttttcattcacttttg taacttccgttatttttttgtttaaaatgtattaatctttcaaaatcttaaaaatccataaagtactttgaaat cttaaaaatctgtgttagaaatccattaaaatcttgggttaagaatcctgattctaaaaagtcttttaaaaaaa atcttttaaaatcccacaaaatcaatacaatctcacataatcttttaaaatcttcaagattgtttttgtcaaaa tattctctcaaaatctcaatccaatacacttccttaaaaaatatatttatgtacgattaattattaattactat aacttataaaaatcttctaattaattaacccgtcagcgcc SEQ ID NO: 27: BnOTUB1 promoter sequence: tgtttaaatacatgtggtcactttcactatgtggattgtggaccctctcgtttattctaaagatggctttgtgg aatttttatagatacaaaaagtgggtaacatggaaatgtgcaacatcatattatcatcaccatctaatcatatg actgaaagtgaattgagtatatggcttttaggattggccaaagtaagcatgtaagattatgagccaatctgcaa tgagttttttttttatcttctatttctttattttgttcttctctctaattttcttttcactttaggcatgctat tatttttgggaacgtgagattctttatgcctacttatgatcacttgtagttgtagctgtaccatgttttggttt tcaattatgaactttgataaaataacgttttccgaatcaactttgattatgaactttgattctttgtaaaaaaa aatcatattaagaaaaaattagtctgaaaatttgttagcttattcctaaatcgttataagaaaaattggttcca tcccaaataggtttatatttgttttaatataacgatggcatttgagttctacatggatgtcacttgtctaagac aattttcttatctttttttttgattaaatagagtatatcccagacctatggaaatatcaaactaatcttccaaa aagaagtatagctcacgagttagatcatttgcgggtatccaaataaagttcatactctatagtatagttccata tcttcgtgaccacacatatttagtgtcgtgggattgctttaaaccgaattgcttaactaaccggaattcgccta gatcactcatttgttttttcttactccctccgttttatattgtaagtagttttagcaaaaaatgtttgtttcac aatataagtagttttcatatttcaatgcacattttctctttattgaatattgtgtaaccaatcaaataatgcta gcttttttataataggttgaatttattaattaaataatattttttacaaaagcaacaatttcttaatattagtg tttttaactaaaactatttacaatatgaaacagagggagtatcatttaggtggtacatatacacacgtaaaatt ctatttccatcaaactgaattaaaattgttgacaaaattcattgtcatctattcttgtcatttacaaatttgac tctacacctaatatgcgaacttgtcctttcttcttctttttcacaacggaaccaatacgtgaacttctttttaa taacattttatttgtttttctggcaattgatcgagtgcatatgatcgaggagtttcccatgaatatcatatatg tgtcacttgatcaaatgatgggctaatcacatgctttacaatactcatgattgcaagccctgcaatctcttgga tccaaatgattattttcatttcttttcatcatgattgatcccacatttaattatttacatgatgatttcacgag aactaaaaaagaagcaatttatatcaattcaatattatagaaaatttgctatagaaaaaccattcgttatcgtt ttcttaattttattttgtggctttttcatatggctattccaatgcttttatgattattagcatgaacttgagca tgttctttatcccccaaagaaagtaaactacagatacatcgtatgatattattgtgtattattaattattatgt acgatcgattttacaacatatatagaagagctgatgagtgttactgacgtaaatagtaattaatacatatatca cttaactatatatatgcataaagtcaagtttggttttgggttaaaaacgtacatcaaaccaaacataatagttc agtttatcttagtttaggtttgattatggtccagtagatcgtaatccaaggtcactatttttgttgacaatggt tttttttctggttaaattttgattttttttttgtttttaatttgcaagtccccgcatacactaaaagataaagc tcgatatatttgaattaaacgggaatataatagcatagattcaatcatggacgtattatcattctctagtgact ttttccacgctttcattaaaaaaagaacacttatctacatactgataacaactaacatagtataattaaggtcg ttaagagtttagaaaaaaaatgcaaaaagaaagaataatagttgatgttcgtgtagatttttggttactttctt gaacgagcaaggatcaaaatcatcttcggaagaggagtatcaacctcacaagtcacaagaataataagctactc tacgcagaatagcaaaccgtcaaaaaaaatcaaaatatttatctttttggacaatagttgatttgctataaatt tcctttacagtaaaaagttaagcaatttcttacggacataattatcacaacctcatgtttacttgtagcagagt caaatgaattcacgcgatcagcaataatcttatttttaacaaacagaaatagtggacatccatagatgatataa accttaatttttgtttcaaattcaccacgaaacccttacattcgaaataagttataagctatcatatgttagtt cattaccacaggtccacaacatctgtgcttcatcagctggtatcagaaccatattaagtcttaaatattaatat atgaatcatcatgtgattattgttgtgcgtttatgttgctagtccaaattccgatttggtcgtttactaacatt cgcaaaagaggcccaaatattcggcccattctactaacatgatgtcgttccattattagcgaagccacatgcac gtcgttttaatttcccataaacgcttcgtctttctttattgtacattggaaaaaagccaaacgtctgttacctt ttctgcccttccaatcaaattggtgtaaatcttttggtttcctctttttcagaaatttattttccctaaagttt tgttttctttgtaaaaacattgcagagtgcccccaaaccg CRISPR sequence information RICE EXAMPLE I; OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 28: OsOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence tcagctggaaagtgttctgcagg SEQ ID NO: 29: OsOTUB1 CRISPR protospacer sequence tcagctggaaagtgttctgc SEQ ID NO: 30: tracrRNA nucleotide sequence GTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAA AAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT SEQ ID NO: 31: complete Os sgRNA nucleotide sequence tcagctggaaagtgttctgcGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGT TATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT SEQ ID NO: 32: OTUB1 Os sgRNA GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGA AAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC SEQ ID NO: 33: complete OTUB1 CRISPR nucleic acid construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGtcagctggaaagtgttctgcGTTTTAGAGCTAGAA ATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTC GGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE II; OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 34: OsOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence gactactaccactcgtgctgcgg SEQ ID NO: 35: OsOTUB1 protospacer sequence gactactaccactcgtgctg SEQ ID NO: 36: OsOTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid sequence gactactaccactcgtgctgGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCG TTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT SEQ ID NO: 37: OsOTUB1 U3-sgRNA cassette monocot plant, nucleic acid  construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGACGCGTTGACATTGTAGGACTATATTGCTCTAATAAA GGAAGGAATCTTTAAACATACGAACAGATCACTTAAAGTTCTTCTGAAGCAACTTA AAGTTATCAGGCATGCATGGATCTTGGAGGAATCAGATGTGCAGTCAGGGACCAT AGCACAAGACAGGCGTCTTCTACTGGTGCTACCAGCAAATGCTGGAAGCCGGGA ACACTGGGTACGTTGGAAACCACGTGTGATGTGAAGGAGTAAGATAAACTGTAGG AGAAAAGCATTTCGTAGTGGGCCATGAAGCCTTTCAGGACATGTATTGCAGTATG GGCCGGCCCATTACGCAATTGGACGACAACAAAGACTAGTATTAGTACCACCTCG GCTATCCACATAGATCAAAGCTGGTTTAAAAGAGTTGTGCAGATGATCCGTGGCAg actactaccactcgtgctgGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCG TTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT (non-capitalised letters are the protospacer sequence that binds the  target sequence. bold sequence is the sgRNA coding sequence). EXAMPLE III; OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 38: OsOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence ccaccatgatttcagccctgagg SEQ ID NO: 39: OsOTUB1 protospacer sequence ccaccatgatttcagccctg SEQ ID NO: 40: OsOTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid sequence ccaccatgatttcagccctgGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCG TTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCT SEQ ID NO: 41 OsOTUB1 U6b-sgRNA cassette monocot plant, nucleic acid  construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATGCAAGAACGAACTAAGCCGGACAAAAAAAAAAGGA GCACATATACAAACCGGTTTTATTCATGAATGGTCACGATGGATGATGGGGCTCA GACTTGAGCTACGAGGCCGCAGGCGAGAGAAGCCTAGTGTGCTCTCTGCTTGTTT GGGCCGTAACGGAGGATACGGCCGACGAGCGTGTACTACCGCGCGGGATGCCG CTGGGCGCTGCGGGGGCCGTTGGATGGGGATCGGTGGGTCGCGGGAGCGTTGA GGGGAGACAGGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCCTACCGAACAATGAAGAACCCACCTTAT AACCCCGCGCGCTGCCGCTTGTGTTGccaccatgatttcagccctgGTTTTAGAGCTAGAA ATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAG TCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCT (non-capitalised letters are the protospacer sequence that binds the  target sequence. bold sequence is the sgRNA coding sequence). EXAMPLE IV; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 42: target sequence agcggcggtgggggaggaggtgg SEQ ID NO: 43; protospacer sequence agcggcggtgggggaggagg SEQ ID NO: 44: full sgRNA sequence (protospacer sequence in bold (same  for below sequences) TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGagcggc ggtgggggaggagg GTTTTAGAGCTA GAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGA GTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE V; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 45: target sequence Gggaggaggaggggggggggagg SEQ ID NO: 46 protospacer sequence gggaggaggagggggggggg SEQ ID NO: 47: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGgggaggaggaggggggggggGTTTTAGAGCT AGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCG AGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE VI; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 48: target sequence Ggggggaggaggagggggggggg SEQ ID NO: 49 protospacer sequence Ggggggaggaggaggggggg SEQ ID NO: 50: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGggggggaggaggagggggggGTTTTAGAGCT AGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCG AGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE VII; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 51: target sequence tcgaggggggaggaggagggggg SEQ ID NO: 52; protospacer sequence tcgaggggggaggaggaggg SEQ ID NO: 53: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGtcgaggggggaggaggagggGTTTTAGAGCTA GAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGA GTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE VIII; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 54: target sequence Gtcgtcgaggggggaggaggagg SEQ ID NO: 55; protospacer sequence gtcgtcgaggggggaggagg SEQ ID NO: 56: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGgtcgtcgaggggggaggaggGTTTTAGAGCTA GAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGA GTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE IX; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 57: target sequence ggcagccgcggcccccgagccgg SEQ ID NO: 58; protospacer sequence ggcagccgcggcccccgagc SEQ ID NO: 59: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGggcagccgcggcccccgagcGTTTTAGAGCTAG AAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAG TCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE X; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 60: target sequence tcccggaggaggcggtgatgggg SEQ ID NO: 61; protospacer sequence tcccggaggaggcggtgatg SEQ ID NO: 62: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGtcccggaggaggcggtgatgGTTTTAGAGCTAG AAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAG TCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE XI; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 63: target sequence cgcccggaagcgcaaggcggcgg SEQ ID NO: 64; protospacer sequence cgcccggaagcgcaaggcgg SEQ ID NO: 65: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGcgcccggaagcgcaaggcggGTTTTAGAGCTA GAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGA GTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE XII; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 66: target sequence gaagagaagaacacgcaccgcgg SEQ ID NO: 67; protospacer sequence gaagagaagaacacgcaccg SEQ ID NO: 68: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGgaagagaagaacacgcaccgGTTTTAGAGCTA GAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGA GTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE XIII; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 69: target sequence cccttacggcctccactctgagg SEQ ID NO: 70; protospacer sequence cccttacggcctccactctg SEQ ID NO: 71: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGcccttacggcctccactctgGTTTTAGAGCTAGA AATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGT CGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE XIV; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 72: target sequence cactttctccttatgacacgtgg SEQ ID NO: 73; protospacer sequence cactttctccttatgacacg SEQ ID NO: 74: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGcactttctccttatgacacgGTTTTAGAGCTAGAA ATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTC GGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE XV; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 75: target sequence tatataagctcgtcagaatgtgg SEQ ID NO: 76; protospacer sequence tatataagctcgtcagaatg SEQ ID NO: 77: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGtatataagctcgtcagaatgGTTTTAGAGCTAGA AATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGT CGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE XVI; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 78: target sequence cgagaagcactggatctgatcgg SEQ ID NO: 79; protospacer sequence cgagaagcactggatctgat SEQ ID NO: 80: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGcgagaagcactggatctgatGTTTTAGAGCTAGA AATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGT CGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE XVII; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 81: target sequence gagaggaggaagtagagcgcggg SEQ ID NO: 82; protospacer sequence gagaggaggaagtagagcgc SEQ ID NO: 83: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGgagaggaggaagtagagcgcGTTTTAGAGCTA GAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGA GTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE XVIII; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 84: target sequence taaacccaaaccacaaatcacgg SEQ ID NO: 85; protospacer sequence taaacccaaaccacaaatca SEQ ID NO: 86: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGtaaacccaaaccacaaatcaGTTTTAGAGCTAG AAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAG TCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE XIX; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 87: target sequence atgtacccattcctcctcgacgg SEQ ID NO: 88; protospacer sequence atgtacccattcctcctcga SEQ ID NO: 89: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGtatgtacccattcctcctcgaGTTTTAGAGCTAGA AATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGT CGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE XX; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 90: target sequence aacgtacatcgcgtcgcagctgg SEQ ID NO: 91; protospacer sequence aacgtacatcgcgtcgcagc SEQ ID NO: 92: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGaacgtacatcgcgtcgcagcGTTTTAGAGCTAG AAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAG TCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE XXI; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 93: target sequence actatcttactacttgtgcatgg SEQ ID NO: 94; protospacer sequence actatcttactacttgtgca SEQ ID NO: 95: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGactatcttactacttgtgcaGTTTTAGAGCTAGAA ATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTC GGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE XXII; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 96 target sequence tcggaagaataattacaaccagg SEQ ID NO: 97; protospacer sequence tcggaagaataattacaacc SEQ ID NO: 98: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGtcggaagaataattacaaccGTTTTAGAGCTAGA AATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGT CGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT EXAMPLE XXIII; OTUB1 promoter SEQ ID NO: 99: target sequence gtaggcagcaacctcaaacttgg SEQ ID NO: 100; protospacer sequence gtaggcagcaacctcaaact SEQ ID NO: 101: full sgRNA sequence TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGgtaggcagcaacctcaaactGTTTTAGAGCTAG AAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAG TCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT Wild einkorn wheat EXAMPLE I; OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 102 TuOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence ttaaggcgaacacgaggagatgg SEQ ID NO: 103: protospacer sequence; TuOTUB1(double target) ttaaggcgaacacgaggaga SEQ ID NO: 104: TuOTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid ttaaggcgaacacgaggagaGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCC GTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT SEQ ID NO: 105 TuOTUB1; U6a-sgRNA cassette monocot plant, nucleic acid construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGttaaggcgaacacgaggagaGTTTTAGAGCTAG AAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCG AGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT (non-capitalised letters are the protospacer sequence that binds the  target sequence. bold sequence is the sgRNA coding sequence). EXAMPLE II; OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 106 TuOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence attgctctgtcagatgcgttagg SEQ ID NO: 107: protospacer sequence; TuOTUB1(double target) attgctctgtcagatgcgtt SEQ ID NO: 108: TuOTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid AttgctctgtcagatgcgttGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGT TATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT SEQ ID NO: 109 TuOTUB1; U3-sgRNA cassette monocot plant, nucleic acid  construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGACGCGTTGACATTGTAGGACTATATTGCTCTAATAAA GGAAGGAATCTTTAAACATACGAACAGATCACTTAAAGTTCTTCTGAAGCAACTTA AAGTTATCAGGCATGCATGGATCTTGGAGGAATCAGATGTGCAGTCAGGGACCAT AGCACAAGACAGGCGTCTTCTACTGGTGCTACCAGCAAATGCTGGAAGCCGGGA ACACTGGGTACGTTGGAAACCACGTGTGATGTGAAGGAGTAAGATAAACTGTAGG AGAAAAGCATTTCGTAGTGGGCCATGAAGCCTTTCAGGACATGTATTGCAGTATG GGCCGGCCCATTACGCAATTGGACGACAACAAAGACTAGTATTAGTACCACCTCG GCTATCCACATAGATCAAAGCTGGTTTAAAAGAGTTGTGCAGATGATCCGTGGCAa ttgctctgtcagatgcgttGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGT TATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT (non-capitalised letters are the protospacer sequence that binds the  target sequence. bold sequence is the sgRNA coding sequence). Barley EXAMPLE I; OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 110: HvOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence ttaagacggacacgaggagatgg SEQ ID NO: 111: Hv OTUB1 protospacer ttaagacggacacgaggaga SEQ ID NO: 112: Hv OTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid ttaagacggacacgaggagaGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCC GTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT SEQ ID NO: 113: Hv OTUB1 U6a-sgRNA cassette monocot plant nucleic acid construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGttaagacggacacgaggagaGTTTTAGAGCTAG AAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCG AGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT (non-capitalised letters are the protospacer sequence that binds the  target sequence. bold sequence is the sgRNA coding sequence). EXAMPLE II: OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 114: HvOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence Attgctctgtcagatgcgttagg SEQ ID NO: 115: Hv OTUB1 protospacer attgctctgtcagatgcgtt SEQ ID NO: 116: Hv OTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid attgctctgtcagatgcgttGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGT TATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT SEQ ID NO: 117: Hv OTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid U3-sgRNA cassette monocot  plant, nucleic acid construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGACGCGTTGACATTGTAGGACTATATTGCTCTAATAAA GGAAGGAATCTTTAAACATACGAACAGATCACTTAAAGTTCTTCTGAAGCAACTTA AAGTTATCAGGCATGCATGGATCTTGGAGGAATCAGATGTGCAGTCAGGGACCAT AGCACAAGACAGGCGTCTTCTACTGGTGCTACCAGCAAATGCTGGAAGCCGGGA ACACTGGGTACGTTGGAAACCACGTGTGATGTGAAGGAGTAAGATAAACTGTAGG AGAAAAGCATTTCGTAGTGGGCCATGAAGCCTTTCAGGACATGTATTGCAGTATG GGCCGGCCCATTACGCAATTGGACGACAACAAAGACTAGTATTAGTACCACCTCG GCTATCCACATAGATCAAAGCTGGTTTAAAAGAGTTGTGCAGATGATCCGTGGCAa ttgctctgtcagatgcgttGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGT TATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT (non-capitalised letters are the protospacer sequence that binds the  target sequence. bold sequence is the sgRNA coding sequence). Maize EXAMPLE I; OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 118: ZmOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence aagctttatgttttcctacctgg SEQ ID NO: 119: ZmOTUB1 protospacer sequence aagctttatgttttcctacc SEQ ID NO: 120: ZmOTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid sequence aagctttatgttttcctaccGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTT ATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT SEQ ID NO: 121: ZmOTUB1 U6a-sgRNA cassette monocot plant, nucleic acid construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGaagctttatgttttcctaccGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAA TAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGT CGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT (non-capitalised letters are the protospacer sequence that binds the  target sequence. bold sequence is the sgRNA coding sequence). EXAMPLE II; OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 122: ZmOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence attgccctatcagatgcactagg SEQ ID NO: 123: ZmOTUB1 protospacer sequence attgccctatcagatgcact SEQ ID NO: 124: ZmOTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid sequence attgccctatcagatgcactGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGT TATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT SEQ ID NO: 125: ZmOTUB1 U3-sgRNA cassette monocot plant, nucleic acid  construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGACGCGTTGACATTGTAGGACTATATTGCTCTAATAAA GGAAGGAATCTTTAAACATACGAACAGATCACTTAAAGTTCTTCTGAAGCAACTTA AAGTTATCAGGCATGCATGGATCTTGGAGGAATCAGATGTGCAGTCAGGGACCAT AGCACAAGACAGGCGTCTTCTACTGGTGCTACCAGCAAATGCTGGAAGCCGGGA ACACTGGGTACGTTGGAAACCACGTGTGATGTGAAGGAGTAAGATAAACTGTAGG AGAAAAGCATTTCGTAGTGGGCCATGAAGCCTTTCAGGACATGTATTGCAGTATG GGCCGGCCCATTACGCAATTGGACGACAACAAAGACTAGTATTAGTACCACCTCG GCTATCCACATAGATCAAAGCTGGTTTAAAAGAGTTGTGCAGATGATCCGTGGCAa ttgccctatcagatgcactGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCG TTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT (non-capitalised letters are the protospacer sequence that binds the  target sequence. bold sequence is the sgRNA coding sequence). Sorghum EXAMPLE I; OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 126: SbOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence aagctttatgttctcctacttgg SEQ ID NO: 127: SbOTUB1 protospacer sequence aagctttatgttctcctact SEQ ID NO: 128: SbOTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid sequence aagctttatgttctcctactGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTT ATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT SEQ ID NO: 129: SbOTUB1 U6a-sgRNA cassette monocot plant, nucleic acid construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCAT CCGAATGATAGGATAGGAAAAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCG TAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGAATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTA CAGGCTATCGAGATGCCATACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGG TTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATCGTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGA ATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCCGGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGA GGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCAGCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAAT AGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTACCACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTAT ATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTGGCTGCCGaagctttatgttctcctactGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAA TAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGT CGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT (non-capitalised letters are the protospacer sequence that binds the  target sequence. bold sequence is the sgRNA coding sequence). EXAMPLE II; OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 130: SbOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence tgttcacataattgccctatcgg SEQ ID NO: 131: SbOTUB1 protospacer sequence tgttcacataattgccctat SEQ ID NO: 132: SbOTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid sequence tgttcacataattgccctatGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTT ATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT SEQ ID NO: 133: SbOTUB1 U3-sgRNA cassette monocot plant, nucleic acid  construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGACGCGTTGACATTGTAGGACTATATTGCTCTAATAAA GGAAGGAATCTTTAAACATACGAACAGATCACTTAAAGTTCTTCTGAAGCAACTTA AAGTTATCAGGCATGCATGGATCTTGGAGGAATCAGATGTGCAGTCAGGGACCAT AGCACAAGACAGGCGTCTTCTACTGGTGCTACCAGCAAATGCTGGAAGCCGGGA ACACTGGGTACGTTGGAAACCACGTGTGATGTGAAGGAGTAAGATAAACTGTAGG AGAAAAGCATTTCGTAGTGGGCCATGAAGCCTTTCAGGACATGTATTGCAGTATG GGCCGGCCCATTACGCAATTGGACGACAACAAAGACTAGTATTAGTACCACCTCG GCTATCCACATAGATCAAAGCTGGTTTAAAAGAGTTGTGCAGATGATCCGTGGCAt gttcacataattgccctatGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGT TATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCTT (non-capitalised letters are the protospacer sequence that binds the  target sequence. bold sequence is the sgRNA coding sequence). Soybean EXAMPLE I; OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 134: GmOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence attcgtcgtactcgaggagatgg SEQ ID NO: 135: GmOTUB1 protospacer sequence attcgtcgtactcgaggaga SEQ ID NO: 136: GmOTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid sequence attcgtcgtactcgaggagaGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCG TTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCT SEQ ID NO: 137: GmOTUB1 U3b-sgRNA cassette monocot plant, nucleic acid construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTACTTTAAATTTTTTCTTATGCAGCCTGTGATGGA TAACTGAATCAAACAAATGGCGTCTGGGTTTAAGAAGATCTGTTTTGGCTATGTTG GACGAAACAAGTGAACTTTTAGGATCAACTTCAGTTTATATATGGAGCTTATATCG AGCAATAAGATAAGTGGGCTTTTTATGTAATTTAATGGGCTATCGTCCATAGATTCA CTAATACCCATGCCCAGTACCCATGTATGCGTTTCATATAAGCTCCTAATTTCTCC CACATCGCTCAAATCTAAACAAATCTTGTTGTATATATAACACTGAGGGAGCAACA TTGGTCAattcgtcgtactcgaggagaGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGG CTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAG CT (non-capitalised letters are the protospacer sequence that binds the  target sequence. bold sequence is the sgRNA coding sequence). EXAMPLE II; OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 138: GmOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence tactgccctttcagatgcattgg SEQ ID NO: 139: GmOTUB1 protospacer sequence tactgccctttcagatgcat SEQ ID NO: 140: GmOTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid sequence tactgccctttcagatgcatGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGT TATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCT SEQ ID NO: 141: GmOTUB1 U6-1-sgRNA cassette monocot plant, nucleic acid construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGAAGAAATCTCAAAATTCCGGCAGAACAATTTTGAATCT CGATCCGTAGAAACGAGACGGTCATTGTTTTAGTTCCACCACGATTATATTTGAAA TTTACGTGAGTGTGAGTGAGACTTGCATAAGAAAATAAAATCTTTAGTTGGGAAAA AATTCAATAATATAAATGGGCTTGAGAAGGAAGCGAGGGATAGGCCTTTTTCTAAA ATAGGCCCATTTAAGCTATTAACAATCTTCAAAAGTACCACAGCGCTTAGGTAAAG AAAGCAGCTGAGTTTATATATGGTTAGAGACGAAGTAGTGATTGtactgccctttcagatgc atGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTG AAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCT (non-capitalised letters are the protospacer sequence that binds the  target sequence. bold sequence is the sgRNA coding sequence). Brassica EXAMPLE I; OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 142: BnOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence atcaggcgaacaagaggagatgg SEQ ID NO: 143: BnOTUB1 protospacer sequence atcaggcgaacaagaggaga SEQ ID NO: 144: BnOTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid sequence atcaggcgaacaagaggagaGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTC CGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCT SEQ ID NO: 145: BnOTUB1 U3b-sgRNA cassette monocot plant, nucleic acid construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGATTTACTTTAAATTTTTTCTTATGCAGCCTGTGATGGA TAACTGAATCAAACAAATGGCGTCTGGGTTTAAGAAGATCTGTTTTGGCTATGTTG GACGAAACAAGTGAACTTTTAGGATCAACTTCAGTTTATATATGGAGCTTATATCG AGCAATAAGATAAGTGGGCTTTTTATGTAATTTAATGGGCTATCGTCCATAGATTCA CTAATACCCATGCCCAGTACCCATGTATGCGTTTCATATAAGCTCCTAATTTCTCC CACATCGCTCAAATCTAAACAAATCTTGTTGTATATATAACACTGAGGGAGCAACA TTGGTCAatcaggcgaacaagaggagaGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAA GGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAG AGCT (non-capitalised letters are the protospacer sequence that binds the  target sequence. bold sequence is the sgRNA coding sequence). EXAMPLE II: OTUB1 gene SEQ ID NO: 146: BnOTUB1 CRISPR target sequence tattcacataacagctttgtcgg SEQ ID NO: 147: BnOTUB1 protospacer sequence tattcacataacagctttgt SEQ ID NO: 148: BnOTUB1 sgRNA nucleic acid sequence tattcacataacagctttgtGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGT TATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCT SEQ ID NO: 149: BnOTUB1 U6-1-sgRNA cassette monocot plant, nucleic acid construct TGGAATCGGCAGCAAAGGAAGAAATCTCAAAATTCCGGCAGAACAATTTTGAATCT CGATCCGTAGAAACGAGACGGTCATTGTTTTAGTTCCACCACGATTATATTTGAAA TTTACGTGAGTGTGAGTGAGACTTGCATAAGAAAATAAAATCTTTAGTTGGGAAAA AATTCAATAATATAAATGGGCTTGAGAAGGAAGCGAGGGATAGGCCTTTTTCTAAA ATAGGCCCATTTAAGCTATTAACAATCTTCAAAAGTACCACAGCGCTTAGGTAAAG AAAGCAGCTGAGTTTATATATGGTTAGAGACGAAGTAGTGATTGtattcacataacagctttg tGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGA AAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTTCAAGAGCT (non-capitalised letters are the protospacer sequence that binds the  target sequence. bold sequence is the sgRNA coding sequence). SEQ ID NO: 150; Cas 9 atggctcctaagaagaagcggaaggttggtattcacggggtgcctgcggctgacaagaagtactccatcggcct cgacatcggcaccaacagcgtcggctgggcggtgatcaccgacgagtacaaggtcccgtccaagaagttcaagg tcctgggcaacaccgaccgccactccatcaagaagaacctcatcggcgccctcctcttcgactccggcgagacg gcggaggcgacccgcctcaagcgcaccgcccgccgccgctacacccgccgcaagaaccgcatctgctacctcca ggagatcttctccaacgagatggcgaaggtcgacgactccttcttccaccgcctcgaggagtccttcctcgtgg aggaggacaagaagcacgagcgccaccccatcttcggcaacatcgtcgacgaggtcgcctaccacgagaagtac cccactatctaccaccttcgtaagaagcttgttgactctactgataaggctgatcttcgtctcatctaccttgc tctcgctcacatgatcaagttccgtggtcacttccttatcgagggtgaccttaaccctgataactccgacgtgg acaagctcttcatccagctcgtccagacctacaaccagctcttcgaggagaaccctatcaacgcttccggtgtc gacgctaaggcgatcctttccgctaggctctccaagtccaggcgtctcgagaacctcatcgcccagctccctgg tgagaagaagaacggtcttttcggtaacctcatcgctctctccctcggtctgacccctaacttcaagtccaact tcgacctcgctgaggacgctaagcttcagctctccaaggatacctacgacgatgatctcgacaacctcctcgct cagattggagatcagtacgctgatctcttccttgctgctaagaacctctccgatgctatcctcctttcggatat ccttagggttaacactgagatcactaaggctcctctttctgcttccatgatcaagcgctacgacgagcaccacc aggacctcaccctcctcaaggctcttgttcgtcagcagctccccgagaagtacaaggagatcttcttcgaccag tccaagaacggctacgccggttacattgacggtggagctagccaggaggagttctacaagttcatcaagccaat ccttgagaagatggatggtactgaggagcttctcgttaagcttaaccgtgaggacctccttaggaagcagagga ctttcgataacggctctatccctcaccagatccaccttggtgagcttcacgccatccttcgtaggcaggaggac ttctaccctttcctcaaggacaaccgtgagaagatcgagaagatccttactttccgtattccttactacgttgg tcctcttgctcgtggtaactcccgtttcgcttggatgactaggaagtccgaggagactatcaccccttggaact tcgaggaggttgttgacaagggtgcttccgcccagtccttcatcgagcgcatgaccaacttcgacaagaacctc cccaacgagaaggtcctccccaagcactccctcctctacgagtacttcacggtctacaacgagctcaccaaggt caagtacgtcaccgagggtatgcgcaagcctgccttcctctccggcgagcagaagaaggctatcgttgacctcc tcttcaagaccaaccgcaaggtcaccgtcaagcagctcaaggaggactacttcaagaagatcgagtgcttcgac tccgtcgagatcagcggcgttgaggaccgtttcaacgcttctctcggtacctaccacgatctcctcaagatcat caaggacaaggacttcctcgacaacgaggagaacgaggacatcctcgaggacatcgtcctcactcttactctct tcgaggatagggagatgatcgaggagaggctcaagacttacgctcatctcttcgatgacaaggttatgaagcag ctcaagcgtcgccgttacaccggttggggtaggctctcccgcaagctcatcaacggtatcagggataagcagag cggcaagactatcctcgacttcctcaagtctgatggtttcgctaacaggaacttcatgcagctcatccacgatg actctcttaccttcaaggaggatattcagaaggctcaggtgtccggtcagggcgactctctccacgagcacatt gctaaccttgctggttcccctgctatcaagaagggcatccttcagactgttaaggttgtcgatgagcttgtcaa ggttatgggtcgtcacaagcctgagaacatcgtcatcgagatggctcgtgagaaccagactacccagaagggtc agaagaactcgagggagcgcatgaagaggattgaggagggtatcaaggagcttggttctcagatccttaaggag caccctgtcgagaacacccagctccagaacgagaagctctacctctactacctccagaacggtagggatatgta cgttgaccaggagctcgacatcaacaggctttctgactacgacgtcgaccacattgttcctcagtctttcctta aggatgactccatcgacaacaaggtcctcacgaggtccgacaagaacaggggtaagtcggacaacgtcccttcc gaggaggttgtcaagaagatgaagaactactggaggcagcttctcaacgctaagctcattacccagaggaagtt cgacaacctcacgaaggctgagaggggtggcctttccgagcttgacaaggctggtttcatcaagaggcagcttg ttgagacgaggcagattaccaagcacgttgctcagatcctcgattctaggatgaacaccaagtacgacgagaac gacaagctcatccgcgaggtcaaggtgatcaccctcaagtccaagctcgtctccgacttccgcaaggacttcca gttctacaaggtccgcgagatcaacaactaccaccacgctcacgatgcttaccttaacgctgtcgttggtaccg ctcttatcaagaagtaccctaagcttgagtccgagttcgtctacggtgactacaaggtctacgacgttcgtaag atgatcgccaagtccgagcaggagatcggcaaggccaccgccaagtacttcttctactccaacatcatgaactt cttcaagaccgagatcaccctcgccaacggcgagatccgcaagcgccctcttatcgagacgaacggtgagactg gtgagatcgtttgggacaagggtcgcgacttcgctactgttcgcaaggtcctttctatgcctcaggttaacatc gtcaagaagaccgaggtccagaccggtggcttctccaaggagtctatccttccaaagagaaactcggacaagct catcgctaggaagaaggattgggaccctaagaagtacggtggtttcgactcccctactgtcgcctactccgtcc tcgtggtcgccaaggtggagaagggtaagtcgaagaagctcaagtccgtcaaggagctcctcggcatcaccatc atggagcgctcctccttcgagaagaacccgatcgacttcctcgaggccaagggctacaaggaggtcaagaagga cctcatcatcaagctccccaagtactctcttttcgagctcgagaacggtcgtaagaggatgctggcttccgctg gtgagctccagaagggtaacgagcttgctcttccttccaagtacgtgaacttcctctacctcgcctcccactac gagaagctcaagggttcccctgaggataacgagcagaagcagctcttcgtggagcagcacaagcactacctcga cgagatcatcgagcagatctccgagttctccaagcgcgtcatcctcgctgacgctaacctcgacaaggtcctct ccgcctacaacaagcaccgcgacaagcccatccgcgagcaggccgagaacatcatccacctcttcacgctcacg aacctcggcgcccctgctgctttcaagtacttcgacaccaccatcgacaggaagcgttacacgtccaccaagga ggttctcgacgctactctcatccaccagtccatcaccggtctttacgagactcgtatcgacctttcccagcttg gtggtgataagcgtcctgctgccaccaaaaaggccggacaggctaagaaaaagaagtag SEQ ID NO: 151 Cys4-P2A-TaCas9 nucleic acid sequence 5′ ATGGACCACTACCTCGACATCAGGCTCAGGCCAGACCCAGAGTTCCCACCAGC CCAGCTCATGTCCGTCCTCTTCGGCAAGCTCCACCAGGCCCTCGTGGCCCAGGG CGGCGACAGGATCGGCGTGTCCTTCCCAGACCTCGACGAGTCCAGGTCCAGGCT CGGCGAGAGGCTCCGCATCCACGCCTCCGCCGACGACCTCAGGGCCCTCCTCG CCAGGCCGTGGCTGGAGGGCCTCAGGGACCACCTCCAGTTCGGCGAGCCAGCC GTGGTGCCACACCCAACCCCATACAGGCAAGTGTCCAGGGTGCAAGCCAAGTCC AACCCAGAGAGGCTCAGGAGGAGGCTCATGAGGAGGCACGACCTCTCCGAGGAA GAGGCCAGGAAGCGCATCCCAGACACCGTGGCCAGGGCCCTCGACCTCCCATTC GTGACCCTCAGGTCCCAGTCCACCGGCCAGCACTTCCGCCTCTTCATCAGGCAC GGCCCACTCCAGGTGACCGCCGAGGAGGGCGGCTTTACCTGCTACGGCCTCTCC AAGGGCGGCTTCGTGCCGTGGTTC

GCCACCAACTTCTCCCTCCTC AAGCAAGCCGGCGACGTGGAGGAGAACCCAGGCCCA ATGGACAAGAAGTACTC GATCGGCCTCGACATCGGGACGAACTCAGTTGGCTGGGCCGTGATCACCGACGA GTACAAGGTGCCCTCTAAGAAGTTCAAGGTCCTGGGGAACACCGACCGCCATTCC ATCAAGAAGAACCTCATCGGCGCTCTCCTGTTCGACAGCGGGGAGACCGCTGAG GCTACGAGGCTCAAGAGAACCGCTAGGCGCCGGTACACGAGAAGGAAGAACAGG ATCTGCTACCTCCAAGAGATTTTCTCCAACGAGATGGCCAAGGTTGACGATTCATT CTTCCACCGCCTGGAGGAGTCTTTCCTCGTGGAGGAGGATAAGAAGCACGAGCG GCATCCCATCTTCGGCAACATCGTGGACGAGGTTGCCTACCACGAGAAGTACCCT ACGATCTACCATCTGCGGAAGAAGCTCGTGGACTCCACCGATAAGGCGGACCTC AGACTGATCTACCTCGCTCTGGCCCACATGATCAAGTTCCGCGGCCATTTCCTGA TCGAGGGGGATCTCAACCCAGACAACAGCGATGTTGACAAGCTGTTCATCCAACT CGTGCAGACCTACAACCAACTCTTCGAGGAGAACCCGATCAACGCCTCTGGCGT GGACGCGAAGGCTATCCTGTCCGCGAGGCTCTCGAAGTCCAGGAGGCTGGAGAA CCTGATCGCTCAGCTCCCAGGCGAGAAGAAGAACGGCCTGTTCGGGAACCTCAT CGCTCTCAGCCTGGGGCTCACCCCGAACTTCAAGTCGAACTTCGATCTCGCTGAG GACGCCAAGCTGCAACTCTCCAAGGACACCTACGACGATGACCTCGATAACCTCC TGGCCCAGATCGGCGATCAATACGCGGACCTGTTCCTCGCTGCCAAGAACCTGT CGGACGCCATCCTCCTGTCAGATATCCTCCGCGTGAACACCGAGATCACGAAGG CTCCACTCTCTGCCTCCATGATCAAGCGCTACGACGAGCACCATCAGGATCTGAC CCTCCTGAAGGCGCTGGTCCGCCAACAGCTCCCGGAGAAGTACAAGGAGATTTT CTTCGATCAGTCGAAGAACGGCTACGCTGGGTACATCGACGGCGGGGCCTCACA AGAGGAGTTCTACAAGTTCATCAAGCCAATCCTGGAGAAGATGGACGGCACGGA GGAGCTCCTGGTGAAGCTCAACAGGGAGGACCTCCTGCGGAAGCAGAGAACCTT CGATAACGGCAGCATCCCCCACCAAATCCATCTCGGGGAGCTGCACGCCATCCT GAGAAGGCAAGAGGACTTCTACCCTTTCCTCAAGGATAACCGGGAGAAGATCGAG AAGATCCTGACCTTCAGAATCCCATACTACGTCGGCCCTCTCGCGCGGGGGAACT CAAGATTCGCTTGGATGACCCGCAAGTCTGAGGAGACCATCACGCCGTGGAACTT CGAGGAGGTGGTGGACAAGGGCGCTAGCGCTCAGTCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGAC CAACTTCGACAAGAACCTGCCCAACGAGAAGGTGCTCCCTAAGCACTCGCTCCTG TACGAGTACTTCACCGTCTACAACGAGCTCACGAAGGTGAAGTACGTCACCGAGG GCATGCGCAAGCCAGCGTTCCTGTCCGGGGAGCAGAAGAAGGCTATCGTGGACC TCCTGTTCAAGACCAACCGGAAGGTCACGGTTAAGCAACTCAAGGAGGACTACTT CAAGAAGATCGAGTGCTTCGATTCGGTCGAGATCAGCGGCGTTGAGGACCGCTT CAACGCCAGCCTCGGGACCTACCACGATCTCCTGAAGATCATCAAGGATAAGGAC TTCCTGGACAACGAGGAGAACGAGGATATCCTGGAGGACATCGTGCTGACCCTC ACGCTGTTCGAGGACAGGGAGATGATCGAGGAGCGCCTGAAGACGTACGCCCAT CTCTTCGATGACAAGGTCATGAAGCAACTCAAGCGCCGGAGATACACCGGCTGG GGGAGGCTGTCCCGCAAGCTCATCAACGGCATCCGGGACAAGCAGTCCGGGAA GACCATCCTCGACTTCCTCAAGAGCGATGGCTTCGCCAACAGGAACTTCATGCAA CTGATCCACGATGACAGCCTCACCTTCAAGGAGGATATCCAAAAGGCTCAAGTGA GCGGCCAGGGGGACTCGCTGCACGAGCATATCGCGAACCTCGCTGGCTCCCCC GCGATCAAGAAGGGCATCCTCCAGACCGTGAAGGTTGTGGACGAGCTCGTGAAG GTCATGGGCCGGCACAAGCCTGAGAACATCGTCATCGAGATGGCCAGAGAGAAC CAAACCACGCAGAAGGGGCAAAAGAACTCTAGGGAGCGCATGAAGCGCATCGAG GAGGGCATCAAGGAGCTGGGGTCCCAAATCCTCAAGGAGCACCCAGTGGAGAAC ACCCAACTGCAGAACGAGAAGCTCTACCTGTACTACCTCCAGAACGGCAGGGATA TGTACGTGGACCAAGAGCTGGATATCAACCGCCTCAGCGATTACGACGTCGATCA TATCGTTCCCCAGTCTTTCCTGAAGGATGACTCCATCGACAACAAGGTCCTCACCA GGTCGGACAAGAACCGCGGCAAGTCAGATAACGTTCCATCTGAGGAGGTCGTTA AGAAGATGAAGAACTACTGGAGGCAGCTCCTGAACGCCAAGCTGATCACGCAAA GGAAGTTCGACAACCTCACCAAGGCTGAGAGAGGCGGGCTCTCAGAGCTGGACA AGGCCGGCTTCATCAAGCGGCAGCTGGTCGAGACCAGACAAATCACGAAGCACG TTGCGCAAATCCTCGACTCTCGGATGAACACGAAGTACGATGAGAACGACAAGCT GATCAGGGAGGTTAAGGTGATCACCCTGAAGTCTAAGCTCGTCTCCGACTTCAGG AAGGATTTCCAGTTCTACAAGGTTCGCGAGATCAACAACTACCACCATGCCCATG ACGCTTACCTCAACGCTGTGGTCGGCACCGCTCTGATCAAGAAGTACCCAAAGCT GGAGTCCGAGTTCGTGTACGGGGACTACAAGGTTTACGATGTGCGCAAGATGATC GCCAAGTCGGAGCAAGAGATCGGCAAGGCTACCGCCAAGTACTTCTTCTACTCAA ACATCATGAACTTCTTCAAGACCGAGATCACGCTGGCCAACGGCGAGATCCGGAA GAGACCGCTCATCGAGACCAACGGCGAGACGGGGGAGATCGTGTGGGACAAGG GCAGGGATTTCGCGACCGTCCGCAAGGTTCTCTCCATGCCCCAGGTGAACATCG TCAAGAAGACCGAGGTCCAAACGGGCGGGTTCTCAAAGGAGTCTATCCTGCCTAA GCGGAACAGCGACAAGCTCATCGCCAGAAAGAAGGACTGGGACCCAAAGAAGTA CGGCGGGTTCGACAGCCCTACCGTGGCCTACTCGGTCCTGGTTGTGGCGAAGGT TGAGAAGGGCAAGTCCAAGAAGCTCAAGAGCGTGAAGGAGCTCCTGGGGATCAC CATCATGGAGAGGTCCAGCTTCGAGAAGAACCCAATCGACTTCCTGGAGGCCAA GGGCTACAAGGAGGTGAAGAAGGACCTGATCATCAAGCTCCCGAAGTACTCTCTC TTCGAGCTGGAGAACGGCAGGAAGAGAATGCTGGCTTCCGCTGGCGAGCTCCAG AAGGGGAACGAGCTCGCGCTGCCAAGCAAGTACGTGAACTTCCTCTACCTGGCTT CCCACTACGAGAAGCTCAAGGGCAGCCCGGAGGACAACGAGCAAAAGCAGCTGT TCGTCGAGCAGCACAAGCATTACCTCGACGAGATCATCGAGCAAATCTCCGAGTT CAGCAAGCGCGTGATCCTCGCCGACGCGAACCTGGATAAGGTCCTCTCCGCCTA CAACAAGCACCGGGACAAGCCCATCAGAGAGCAAGCGGAGAACATCATCCATCT CTTCACCCTGACGAACCTCGGCGCTCCTGCTGCTTTCAAGTACTTCGACACCACG ATCGATCGGAAGAGATACACCTCCACGAAGGAGGTCCTGGACGCGACCCTCATC CACCAGTCGATCACCGGCCTGTACGAGACGAGGATCGACCTCTCACAACTCGGC GGGGATAAGAGACCCGCAGCAACCAAGAAGGCAGGGCAAGCAAAGAAGAAGAAG TGA 3′ SEQ ID NO: 152; Outubain-like domain PYVGDKEPLSTLAAEFQSGSPILQEKIKLLGEQYDALRRTRGDGNCFYRSFMFSYLEH ILETQDKAEVERILKKIEQCKKTLADLGYIEFTFEDFFSIFIDQLESVLQGHESSIGAEELL ERTRDQMVSDYVVMFFRFVTSGEIQRRAEFFEPFISGLTNSTVVQFCKASVEPMGEE SDHVHIIALSDALGVPIRVMYLDRSSCDAGNISVNHHDFSPEANSSDGAAAAEKPYITL LYRPGHYDILYP SEQ ID NO: 153; Mutated OsOTUB1 ATGGGCGGGGACTACTACCACTCGTGCTGCGGCGACCCCGACCCCGACCTCCG CGCGCCCGAGGGGCCCAAGCTGCCGTACGTCGGGGACAAGGAACCTCTCTCCA CTTTAGCCGCCGAGTTTCAGTCTGGCAGCCCCATTTTACAGGAGAAAATAAAGTT GCTTGGTGAACAGTATGATGCTTTAAGAAGGACACGAGGAGATGGAAACTGCTTT TATCGAAGCTTTATGTTTTCCTACTTGGAACATATCCTAGAGACACAAGACAAAGC TGAGGTTGAGCGCATTCTAAAAAAAATTGAGCAGTGCAAGAAGACTCTTGCAGAT CTTGGATACATTGAGTTCACCTTTGAAGATTTCTTCTCTGTCTTTATTGTTACTTTGT GTGGCCCTCCTTACTTATCCTGTTCAATTGCTGTTTTGCAACTTATGCCAGATGTAT TCCCTCTGAATAGTATGAAGATCTGTCCGATTATTTTCATGTATGCTTGTTTGCATT TCCTTTTTAGATGTTCCTGGAATAATTTTTGTATGAGCTAGTTATAATGAGAGCTTG TGCATTTTCCTGTCATGCAACAAATTAAATACTAGTGTCTAATCCTTGTGCATTGTT AATAACTTTGAAAATGATTAGCCTTGAAGATTGGTCCATTATATATATGTTCACTTG TTTCTTAGTTAGGATCACTCACCAGTCACCCTTCTGAAGTTCATAATGTATCACTTA TAAGTAAGCTAGCAAAACAAAATTTGGACTGTTTGTAGCCACCCAGAACCCAAATA GATGGATTTCACATTATTTTCTACTGGCTTTGGGAGTTATTTGATCGATGCTAGTAC AACGTTGAAATTTGGGTAGTTGAGATGCATTTTTCACAAAGGACTCCTTTATTGGT GCTTGATCTACAACTGGTGTTTTACTTTTTTACAAAAAAATGTAATCTCCTTGCAGT GCACTCAAATTATTGCAACCTCCTTCCTTATGTTCCCACCCTCATTATTTTCAGATA TTCATTGATCAGCTGGAAAGTGTTCTGCAGGGACATGAATCCTCCATAGGGGCCG AAGAGCTTCTAGAAAGAACCAGGGATCAGATGGTTTCTGATTATGTTGTCATGTTC TTTAGGTTTGTCACCTCTGGTGAAATCCAAAGGAGGGCCGAGTTCTTCGAACCATT CATCTCTGGCTTGACAAATTCGACTGTGGTTCAGTTCTGCAAGGCTTCCGTGGAG CCGATGGGCGAGGAAAGTGACCATGTCCACATAATTGCCCTATCAGATGCGTTGG GTGTGCCAATCCGTGTGATGTACCTAGACAGAAGCTCATGTGATGCTGGAAATAT AAGTGTGAACCACCATGATTTCAGCCCTGAGGCCAATTCATCGGACGGTGCTGCT GCTGCTGAGAAACCTTACATTACTTTGCTCTACCGTCCTGGTCACTACGACATTCT CTACCCGAAGTGA SEQ ID NO: 154; OsOTUB1 wtg mutation MGGDYYHSCCGDPDPDLRAPEGPKLPYVGDKEPLSTLAAEFQSGSPILQEKIKLLGE QYDALRRTRGDGNCFYRSFMFSYLEHILETQDKAEVERILKKIEQCKKTLADLGYIEFT FEDFFSVFIVTLCGPPYLSCSIAVLQLMPDVFPLNSMKICPIIFMYACLHFLFRCSWNNF CMS SEQ ID NO: 155: NPT1 2.5 kb promoter sequence from IR66167-27-5-1-6 gagttgaagttgttgctgctgtcataagtactatctgctaaatgggcacactcctagcattattagaactgaga aatatcccaagcaatgaaagcgacaaaaaagtacccgtttgaagacatgattgacatggtcacatcaaacaccg gacatcaacatctaaatgtacataacaaggccaaaataattttcgatgctggttggtgctaccaagtcccacgt atgatacttaagaatcaatcatgaatattacaaatcaagtcaaactacgttatgtattgaactcttataattac tgcaacatatcacactggaatttcctatggtaattcctcgccagccttatcctacccatcccttgcagtatatt aagagcatcaacaacaaacatgattcaagacaacttttattaacactgaacaacataaattgggaacaaaacaa accacttggaggcatgattaggataatcggtattaaagaactggacatcacaattcacaactagatgttgaaat aatacctgtctcttctttggctcatggcaggtgtcagtgaaatatactgatgctccaagagagctggaagcacc gtttccacgtaatcaaaatgtccttttcgtttgctgcaatcaaccttaaagggctcttttgatgctatctcttc aggcatgtccttcacaacttccacataacctctggtttgctcaatgaagtaatcaacatcgaaaacgtctgcaa atccactgacagagaataccaataagtgatgaactaccttttgaacagaaataaactgcataactacaagtagc acagtcgttcatcttgtagagtgattctcatacctagattcattccagtaggcagcaacctcaaacttgggcag aaccattgttgcgttgagaaggcgcgcaaccgcaattccatcacatagctgaagaaacattcggaagaataatt acaaccaggagtaacataataacatagccagttgaaatcacattcgccttgcaatgtgaaaattttcataaata atctgaaaatttagttatgccactatatatcatgcaacctgcctccacgacattttaatcatggagtagaagat aaaacatatgatccccctcattgaccctactatcttactacttgtgcatggccgaacgatctaacagcgaaatc cagaaagccaacactcatttgatcccactaacaacggaagagagaaacgctagccgagatcgcttaacgtacat cgcgtcgcagctggttgagcccgccgtagcagtcgatccggatgtacccattcctcctcgacggagctgcagaa gaagaggaggttcaaaaccgcaatcaccaccacagtctcaagcagagatgtccactacccggatccttaaaccc aaaccacaaatcacggcgaggtctcacccggcattgccgcccgccaccacccgcacgaccgccactccgccacc cgccgctgcgcccatatgacccgcgaccccgacgccgacggcgactcctccctaaagaccaaaagcgagtaagc gagatccgtaagcttctggaacaatctcgagcatcagctgcaagaggtgaggctgggccgcgtacctggaggtg ggaagagtgaagaagaaaggcggagaggagggtggagagaggaggaagtagagcgcgggggcgaggaagatgac cggtaggaggatgcggacgcggctgcgcgcccaccacgccgccggcgacgccgacgacgacatcgcctcgccgc gagaagcactggatctgatcggccgccgcctccacgccggagtggagagcatatataagctcgtcagaatgtgg gcccgtggctatgtgggcccaccatgtcatcgacgcttatcaagatcgagcggtggcgtgaggaaaccggtagg ggtgggggggctaaccaatcggaaacgcgtaataactcacccgcggttcactttctccttatgacacgtgggcc catctcttcctggacccacctgtcagttacccttacggcctccactctgaggatctaaacgtaaaaacgaattt atcggagggcttatccgcgaggggaaaaaaacgcgcacttatttctcgccttcgccgagatctcggaagagaag aacacgcaccgcggggagaggggagagaagcggaaagctccaccgaatcgaagcccccacacacgcgaagctgg cgcgggaggcggccgacgcgagcgcccggaagcgcaaggcggcggacggcggcggggagggcgacgccgcggcg acggtcccggaggaggcggtgatgggggaggcggcggcggcagccgcggcccccgagccggtcgtcgagggggg aggaggggggggggaggggttgaatcctaaccctagcggcggtgggggaggaggtggtggagggtgctcggact ccgtgtcggtcgagctctcg SEQ ID NO: 156 DEP1 cDNA sequence: atgggggaggaggcggtggtgatggaggcgccgaggcccaagtcgccgccgaggtacccggacctgtgcggccg gcggcggatgcagctggaggtgcagatcctgagccgcgagatcacgttcctcaaggatgagcttcacttccttg aaggagctcagcccgtttctcgttctggatgcattaaagagataaatgagtttgttggtacaaaacatgaccca ctaataccaacaaagagaaggaggcacagatcttgccgtctttttcggtggatcggatcaaaattgtgtatctg catttcatgtctttgctactgttgcaagtgctcacccaagtgcaaaagaccaaggtgcctcaattgttcttgca gctcatgctgcgacgagccatgctgtaagccaaactgcagtgcgtgctgcgctgggtcatgctgtagtccagac tgctgctcatgctgtaaacctaactgcagttgctgcaagaccccttcttgctgcaaaccgaactgctcgtgctc ctgtccaagctgcagctcatgctgcgatacatcgtgctgcaaaccgagctgcacctgcttcaacatcttttcat gcttcaaatccctgtacagctgcttcaagatcccttcatgcttcaagtcccagtgcaactgctctagccccaat tgctgcacttgcacccttccaagctgtagctgcaagggctgtgcctgtccaagctgtggatgcaacggctgtgg ctgtccaagctgcggatgcaacggttgtggctgtccaagctgcggttgcaacggctgtggccttccaagctgcg gttgcaacggctgcggctcgtgctcttgcgcccaatgcaaacccgattgtggctcgtgctctaccaattgctgt agctgcaagccaagctgcaacggctgctgcggcgagcagtgctgccgctgcgcggactgcttctcctgctcgtg ccctcgttgctccagctgcttcaacatcttcaaatgctcctgcgctggctgctgctcgagcctgtgcaagtgcc cctgcacgacgcagtgcttcagctgccagtcgtcatgctgcaagcggcagccttcgtgctgcaagtgccagtcg tcttgctgcgaggggcagccttcctgctgcgagggacactgctgcagcctcccgaaaccgtcgtgccctgaatg ttcctgtgggtgtgtctggtcttgcaagaattgtacagagggttgtcgatgcccacggtgtcgtaacccatgct gtctcagtggttgcttatgttga SEQ ID NO: 157 DEP1 protein: mgeeavvmeaprpkspprypdlcgrrrmqlevqilsreitflkdelhflegaqpvsrsgcikeinefvgtkhdp liptkrrrhrscrlfrwigsklcicisclcycckcspkckrprclncscssccdepcckpncsaccagsccspd ccscckpncsccktpscckpncscscpscssccdtscckpsctcfnifscfkslyscfkipscfksqcncsspn cctctlpscsckgcacpscgcngcgcpscgcngcgcpscgcngcglpscgcngcgscscaqckpdcgscstncc sckpscngccgeqccrcadcfscscprcsscfnifkcscagccsslckcpcttqcfscqsscckrqpscckcqs sccegqpscceghccslpkpscpecscgcvwscknctegcrcprcrnpcclsgclc SEQ ID NO: 158: dep1 cDNA sequence: ATGGGGGAGGAGGCGGTGGTGATGGAGGCGCCGAGGCCCAAGTCGCCGCCGA GGTACCCGGACCTGTGCGGCCGGCGGCGGATGCAGCTGGAGGTGCAGATCCTG AGCCGCGAGATCACGTTCCTCAAGGATGAGCTTCACTTCCTTGAAGGAGCTCAGC CCGTTTCTCGTTCTGGATGCATTAAAGAGATAAATGAGTTTGTTGGTACAAAACAT GACCCACTAATACCAACAAAGAGAAGGAGGCACAGATCTTGCCGTCTTTTTCGGT GGATCGGATCAAAATTGTGTATCTGCATTTCATGTCTTTGCTACTGTTGCAAGTGC TCACCCAAGTGCAAAAGACCAAGGTGCCTCAATTGTTCTTGCAGCTCATGCTGCG ACGAGCCATGCTGTAAGCCAAACTGCAGTGCGTGCTGCGCTGGGTCATGCTGCA GTCCAGACTGCTGCTCATGCTGTAAACCTAACTGCAGTTGCTGCAAGACCCCTTC TTGCTGCAAACCGAACTGCTCGTGCTCCTGTCCAAGCTGCAGCTCATGCTGCGAT ACATCGTGCTGCAAACCGAGCTGCACCTGCTTCAACATCTAG SEQ ID NO: 159 dep1 protein: mgeeavvmeaprpkspprypdlcgrrrmqlevqilsreitflkdelhflegaqpvsrsgcikeinefvgtkhdp liptkrrrhrscrlfrwigsklcicisclcycckcspkckrprclncscssccdepcckpncsaccagsccspd ccscckpncsccktpscckpncscscpscssccdtscckpsctcfnif SEQ ID NO: 160 OsUBC13 cDNA atggccaacagcaacctcccccggcgaatcatcaaggagacgcagcgactcctcagcgagccagcgccgggaat cagcgcgtctccgtcggaggagaacatgcgctacttcaacgtcatgatccttggcccggcacagtccccctatg aaggtggagtttttaagcttgaactctttttacctgaggaatatcctatggctgctccaaaggttaggttcctg accaaaatataccaccccaacattgacaagcttggtaggatatgccttgacattctcaaggacaaatggagccc agcccttcagattcggacagttcttttgagtatccaggcactcctaagtgcaccaaaccctgatgatcctctct ctgataacattgcaaagcactggaaagccaatgaagcagaagctgttgaaacagcaaaggagtggactcgcctg tatgccagcggtgcataa SEQ ID NO: 161 OsUBC13 protein: Mansnlprriiketqrllsepapgisaspseenmryfnvmilgpaqspyeggvfklelflpeeypmaapkvrfl tkiyhpnidklgricldilkdkwspalqirtvllsiqallsapnpddplsdniakhwkaneaeavetakewtrl yasga SEQ ID NO: 162 OsUBC13 gDNA atggccaacagcaacctcccccggcgaatcatcaaggtcgcgcctccgatctgattgcctgggcgtagatctcc ccacgcctctaacccgattccccccttttcttttctttttttttttattttccctttctgtgctgattttttgt ttttgctgtctgtgtgttcgcgtctggtttggatctgcgcaggagacgcagcgactcctcagcgagccaggtgc gggcggttttttttttttttatgtatcgcggattttggcgatggtgttgtgtttttccgtggtttgggttcgtg ttgttctgatggttttgggttggtttgtttgtgcagcgccgggaatcagcgcgtctccgtcggaggagaacatg cgctacttcaacgtcatgatccttggcccggcacagtccccctatgaaggtacggcacccgatggatacgttat ttgttgtagagggtgttacggctcccgatggatatgttatttgttgtagagggtggtcgattagggcgtttcta ggtataccgcagaattgggtgattctgtataaacccaattactagaagtgttaattatgtgtcagtcatggacg ggcacgcatttcgtaagcctgcttttgcttgattaggctggttcttttgcacttaccagttttagtttctcggg cggcgggcacttgcatgttctatgtgtctcatattccctttctagtatgaagttagtaatgctaaaacactagt gacttttagcaataatgttctaaactcggattatatacgtgacttataagtgcttttcttttatgtgttaactt gtttgatgctttgtgcggcaaaggttgcccttgattttccataaccaaattgatctcttcgatttatttgatta gactaattatgagtattgatattgttggcttttcatgttgtggtgtataatttaaatatttcctttcttaaacc ctttttgcgttaattcgggttggatatataatgggtgttaacagttagtagctttagatggtttattctattat catttggcttcctgatattgttctttctatcaggtggagtttttaagcttgaactctttttacctgaggaatat cctatggctgctccaaaggtaacaagacatagataaactttggttatgttttatatgatattatggggactgta taccttcaagctaattatgtcgtatttagaattgcgtgtggttatatactcatattaaaagtcaggacatttct gcattcattgacttgtgttgtgaagcggagcattaatttggtgacattggactcatgcatataaccaaatacag gaaagtagctgaaacatttaatttgtttgaaccattctttggcaaaaaaaaatttttattctttatagcctaat ttttagttacccatatttaatcgtgtcgctctggaaccatcgttggttttatatgttatatgtgatgtcttgtt ggtaatagttttgttacatttgcttgatttccttttagggataatgcaaaccctgcctatttgagatgtaattt gcaatgagatcctgtgccaaggaccaaggttgtaagatatacttttggtcctgtgggaacttttagctgtgtcc tgagcatcagcacgccattgcttctcttgaccgtctttttgcttcaagttcttaaaggtgttcttaacatcaca ttgttcgtttggtgttcagccaaattataccttgattagttatttttttagtctgtttggcttgacaatgtcat agattggaagggtgaagaaatattactcatatgttatacaaccataccggattattgtctacttcagtctccct aagtgtaaagctatataattcattattgtctacctcagtctccattttttctttgttgcgtatgcaggttaggt tcctgaccaaaatataccaccccaacattgacaaggtttgcagtcacattcctctttgttatttagtttacttc gtaatacattgtttattcattaataggtttacttttgtagcttggtaggatatgccttgacattctcaaggaca aatggagcccagcccttcagattcggacagttcttttgaggtctctcccccgttgcctgcacatgtgtattagc tttttatatcctgcacaaattccttgtctgctaagctgttgtcttattacgattgacatgatttctgttgaatt tgaattatttgttagcttacctgcatttagtaattttatcactgcccttgatgtgtttttccaacaaaaactct tgagcattgtcaactattggaagttaggggtatcactttgctatacttaccttgtgacaacactcttttttttc agtatccaggcactcctaagtgcaccaaaccctgatgatcctctctctgataacattgcaaagcactggaaagc caatgaagcagaagctgttgaaacaggtaaattgaagctagcaatccagttaacagtgtctcccctcacactct gattttattggttgcctgataagcgatggtctggcatttgcagcaaaggagtggactcgcctgtatgccagcgg tgcataa SEQ ID NO: 163 U3 promoter sequence: AAAGGAAGGAATCTTTAAACATACGAACAGATCACTTAAAGTTCTTCTGAAGCAAC TTAAAGTTATCAGGCATGCATGGATCTTGGAGGAATCAGATGTGCAGTCAGGGAC CATAGCACAAGACAGGCGTCTTCTACTGGTGCTACCAGCAAATGCTGGAAGCCGG GAACACTGGGTACGTTGGAAACCACGTGTGATGTGAAGGAGTAAGATAAACTGTA GGAGAAAAGCATTTCGTAGTGGGCCATGAAGCCTTTCAGGACATGTATTGCAGTA TGGGCCGGCCCATTACGCAATTGGACGACAACAAAGACTAGTATTAGTACCACCT CGGCTATCCACATAGATCAAAGCTGGTTTAAAAGAGTTGTGCAGATGATCCGTGG CA SEQ ID NO: 164 U6a promoter sequence: TTTTTTCCTGTAGTTTTCCCACAACCATTTTTTACCATCCGAATGATAGGATAGGAA AAATATCCAAGTGAACAGTATTCCTATAAAATTCCCGTAAAAAGCCTGCAATCCGA ATGAGCCCTGAAGTCTGAACTAGCCGGTCACCTGTACAGGCTATCGAGATGCCAT ACAAGAGACGGTAGTAGGAACTAGGAAGACGATGGTTGATTCGTCAGGCGAAATC GTCGTCCTGCAGTCGCATCTATGGGCCTGGACGGAATAGGGGAAAAAGTTGGCC GGATAGGAGGGAAAGGCCCAGGTGCTTACGTGCGAGGTAGGCCTGGGCTCTCA GCACTTCGATTCGTTGGCACCGGGGTAGGATGCAATAGAGAGCAACGTTTAGTAC CACCTCGCTTAGCTAGAGCAAACTGGACTGCCTTATATGCGCGGGTGCTGGCTTG GCTGCCG SEQ ID NO: 165 U6b promoter sequence: TGCAAGAACGAACTAAGCCGGACAAAAAAAAAAGGAGCACATATACAAACCGGTT TTATTCATGAATGGTCACGATGGATGATGGGGCTCAGACTTGAGCTACGAGGCCG CAGGCGAGAGAAGCCTAGTGTGCTCTCTGCTTGTTTGGGCCGTAACGGAGGATA CGGCCGACGAGCGTGTACTACCGCGCGGGATGCCGCTGGGCGCTGCGGGGGC CGTTGGATGGGGATCGGTGGGTCGCGGGAGCGTTGAGGGGAGACAGGTTTAGT ACCACCTCGCCTACCGAACAATGAAGAACCCACCTTATAACCCCGCGCGCTGCCG CTTGTGTTG SEQ ID NO: 166 U3b in dicot plant TTTACTTTAAATTTTTTCTTATGCAGCCTGTGATGGATAACTGAATCAAACAAATGG CGTCTGGGTTTAAGAAGATCTGTTTTGGCTATGTTGGACGAAACAAGTGAACTTTT AGGATCAACTTCAGTTTATATATGGAGCTTATATCGAGCAATAAGATAAGTGGGCT TTTTATGTAATTTAATGGGCTATCGTCCATAGATTCACTAATACCCATGCCCAGTAC CCATGTATGCGTTTCATATAAGCTCCTAATTTCTCCCACATCGCTCAAATCTAAACA AATCTTGTTGTATATATAACACTGAGGGAGCAACATTGGTCA SEQ ID NO: 167 U6-1 in dicot plant AGAAATCTCAAAATTCCGGCAGAACAATTTTGAATCTCGATCCGTAGAAACGAGAC GGTCATTGTTTTAGTTCCACCACGATTATATTTGAAATTTACGTGAGTGTGAGTGA GACTTGCATAAGAAAATAAAATCTTTAGTTGGGAAAAAATTCAATAATATAAATGGG CTTGAGAAGGAAGCGAGGGATAGGCCTTTTTCTAAAATAGGCCCATTTAAGCTATT AACAATCTTCAAAAGTACCACAGCGCTTAGGTAAAGAAAGCAGCTGAGTTTATATA TGGTTAGAGACGAAGTAGTGATTG SEQ ID NO: 168; Cys4-P2A-TaCas9 nucleic acid sequence 5′ ATGGACCACTACCTCGACATCAGGCTCAGGCCAGACCCAGAGTTCCCACCAGC CCAGCTCATGTCCGTCCTCTTCGGCAAGCTCCACCAGGCCCTCGTGGCCCAGGG CGGCGACAGGATCGGCGTGTCCTTCCCAGACCTCGACGAGTCCAGGTCCAGGCT CGGCGAGAGGCTCCGCATCCACGCCTCCGCCGACGACCTCAGGGCCCTCCTCG CCAGGCCGTGGCTGGAGGGCCTCAGGGACCACCTCCAGTTCGGCGAGCCAGCC GTGGTGCCACACCCAACCCCATACAGGCAAGTGTCCAGGGTGCAAGCCAAGTCC AACCCAGAGAGGCTCAGGAGGAGGCTCATGAGGAGGCACGACCTCTCCGAGGAA GAGGCCAGGAAGCGCATCCCAGACACCGTGGCCAGGGCCCTCGACCTCCCATTC GTGACCCTCAGGTCCCAGTCCACCGGCCAGCACTTCCGCCTCTTCATCAGGCAC GGCCCACTCCAGGTGACCGCCGAGGAGGGCGGCTTTACCTGCTACGGCCTCTCC AAGGGCGGCTTCGTGCCGTGGTTC

GCCACCAACTTCTCCCTCCTC AAGCAAGCCGGCGACGTGGAGGAGAACCCAGGCCCA ATGGACAAGAAGTACTC GATCGGCCTCGACATCGGGACGAACTCAGTTGGCTGGGCCGTGATCACCGACGA GTACAAGGTGCCCTCTAAGAAGTTCAAGGTCCTGGGGAACACCGACCGCCATTCC ATCAAGAAGAACCTCATCGGCGCTCTCCTGTTCGACAGCGGGGAGACCGCTGAG GCTACGAGGCTCAAGAGAACCGCTAGGCGCCGGTACACGAGAAGGAAGAACAGG ATCTGCTACCTCCAAGAGATTTTCTCCAACGAGATGGCCAAGGTTGACGATTCATT CTTCCACCGCCTGGAGGAGTCTTTCCTCGTGGAGGAGGATAAGAAGCACGAGCG GCATCCCATCTTCGGCAACATCGTGGACGAGGTTGCCTACCACGAGAAGTACCCT ACGATCTACCATCTGCGGAAGAAGCTCGTGGACTCCACCGATAAGGCGGACCTC AGACTGATCTACCTCGCTCTGGCCCACATGATCAAGTTCCGCGGCCATTTCCTGA TCGAGGGGGATCTCAACCCAGACAACAGCGATGTTGACAAGCTGTTCATCCAACT CGTGCAGACCTACAACCAACTCTTCGAGGAGAACCCGATCAACGCCTCTGGCGT GGACGCGAAGGCTATCCTGTCCGCGAGGCTCTCGAAGTCCAGGAGGCTGGAGAA CCTGATCGCTCAGCTCCCAGGCGAGAAGAAGAACGGCCTGTTCGGGAACCTCAT CGCTCTCAGCCTGGGGCTCACCCCGAACTTCAAGTCGAACTTCGATCTCGCTGAG GACGCCAAGCTGCAACTCTCCAAGGACACCTACGACGATGACCTCGATAACCTCC TGGCCCAGATCGGCGATCAATACGCGGACCTGTTCCTCGCTGCCAAGAACCTGT CGGACGCCATCCTCCTGTCAGATATCCTCCGCGTGAACACCGAGATCACGAAGG CTCCACTCTCTGCCTCCATGATCAAGCGCTACGACGAGCACCATCAGGATCTGAC CCTCCTGAAGGCGCTGGTCCGCCAACAGCTCCCGGAGAAGTACAAGGAGATTTT CTTCGATCAGTCGAAGAACGGCTACGCTGGGTACATCGACGGCGGGGCCTCACA AGAGGAGTTCTACAAGTTCATCAAGCCAATCCTGGAGAAGATGGACGGCACGGA GGAGCTCCTGGTGAAGCTCAACAGGGAGGACCTCCTGCGGAAGCAGAGAACCTT CGATAACGGCAGCATCCCCCACCAAATCCATCTCGGGGAGCTGCACGCCATCCT GAGAAGGCAAGAGGACTTCTACCCTTTCCTCAAGGATAACCGGGAGAAGATCGAG AAGATCCTGACCTTCAGAATCCCATACTACGTCGGCCCTCTCGCGCGGGGGAACT CAAGATTCGCTTGGATGACCCGCAAGTCTGAGGAGACCATCACGCCGTGGAACTT CGAGGAGGTGGTGGACAAGGGCGCTAGCGCTCAGTCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGAC CAACTTCGACAAGAACCTGCCCAACGAGAAGGTGCTCCCTAAGCACTCGCTCCTG TACGAGTACTTCACCGTCTACAACGAGCTCACGAAGGTGAAGTACGTCACCGAGG GCATGCGCAAGCCAGCGTTCCTGTCCGGGGAGCAGAAGAAGGCTATCGTGGACC TCCTGTTCAAGACCAACCGGAAGGTCACGGTTAAGCAACTCAAGGAGGACTACTT CAAGAAGATCGAGTGCTTCGATTCGGTCGAGATCAGCGGCGTTGAGGACCGCTT CAACGCCAGCCTCGGGACCTACCACGATCTCCTGAAGATCATCAAGGATAAGGAC TTCCTGGACAACGAGGAGAACGAGGATATCCTGGAGGACATCGTGCTGACCCTC ACGCTGTTCGAGGACAGGGAGATGATCGAGGAGCGCCTGAAGACGTACGCCCAT CTCTTCGATGACAAGGTCATGAAGCAACTCAAGCGCCGGAGATACACCGGCTGG GGGAGGCTGTCCCGCAAGCTCATCAACGGCATCCGGGACAAGCAGTCCGGGAA GACCATCCTCGACTTCCTCAAGAGCGATGGCTTCGCCAACAGGAACTTCATGCAA CTGATCCACGATGACAGCCTCACCTTCAAGGAGGATATCCAAAAGGCTCAAGTGA GCGGCCAGGGGGACTCGCTGCACGAGCATATCGCGAACCTCGCTGGCTCCCCC GCGATCAAGAAGGGCATCCTCCAGACCGTGAAGGTTGTGGACGAGCTCGTGAAG GTCATGGGCCGGCACAAGCCTGAGAACATCGTCATCGAGATGGCCAGAGAGAAC CAAACCACGCAGAAGGGGCAAAAGAACTCTAGGGAGCGCATGAAGCGCATCGAG GAGGGCATCAAGGAGCTGGGGTCCCAAATCCTCAAGGAGCACCCAGTGGAGAAC ACCCAACTGCAGAACGAGAAGCTCTACCTGTACTACCTCCAGAACGGCAGGGATA TGTACGTGGACCAAGAGCTGGATATCAACCGCCTCAGCGATTACGACGTCGATCA TATCGTTCCCCAGTCTTTCCTGAAGGATGACTCCATCGACAACAAGGTCCTCACCA GGTCGGACAAGAACCGCGGCAAGTCAGATAACGTTCCATCTGAGGAGGTCGTTA AGAAGATGAAGAACTACTGGAGGCAGCTCCTGAACGCCAAGCTGATCACGCAAA GGAAGTTCGACAACCTCACCAAGGCTGAGAGAGGCGGGCTCTCAGAGCTGGACA AGGCCGGCTTCATCAAGCGGCAGCTGGTCGAGACCAGACAAATCACGAAGCACG TTGCGCAAATCCTCGACTCTCGGATGAACACGAAGTACGATGAGAACGACAAGCT GATCAGGGAGGTTAAGGTGATCACCCTGAAGTCTAAGCTCGTCTCCGACTTCAGG AAGGATTTCCAGTTCTACAAGGTTCGCGAGATCAACAACTACCACCATGCCCATG ACGCTTACCTCAACGCTGTGGTCGGCACCGCTCTGATCAAGAAGTACCCAAAGCT GGAGTCCGAGTTCGTGTACGGGGACTACAAGGTTTACGATGTGCGCAAGATGATC GCCAAGTCGGAGCAAGAGATCGGCAAGGCTACCGCCAAGTACTTCTTCTACTCAA ACATCATGAACTTCTTCAAGACCGAGATCACGCTGGCCAACGGCGAGATCCGGAA GAGACCGCTCATCGAGACCAACGGCGAGACGGGGGAGATCGTGTGGGACAAGG GCAGGGATTTCGCGACCGTCCGCAAGGTTCTCTCCATGCCCCAGGTGAACATCG TCAAGAAGACCGAGGTCCAAACGGGCGGGTTCTCAAAGGAGTCTATCCTGCCTAA GCGGAACAGCGACAAGCTCATCGCCAGAAAGAAGGACTGGGACCCAAAGAAGTA CGGCGGGTTCGACAGCCCTACCGTGGCCTACTCGGTCCTGGTTGTGGCGAAGGT TGAGAAGGGCAAGTCCAAGAAGCTCAAGAGCGTGAAGGAGCTCCTGGGGATCAC CATCATGGAGAGGTCCAGCTTCGAGAAGAACCCAATCGACTTCCTGGAGGCCAA GGGCTACAAGGAGGTGAAGAAGGACCTGATCATCAAGCTCCCGAAGTACTCTCTC TTCGAGCTGGAGAACGGCAGGAAGAGAATGCTGGCTTCCGCTGGCGAGCTCCAG AAGGGGAACGAGCTCGCGCTGCCAAGCAAGTACGTGAACTTCCTCTACCTGGCTT CCCACTACGAGAAGCTCAAGGGCAGCCCGGAGGACAACGAGCAAAAGCAGCTGT TCGTCGAGCAGCACAAGCATTACCTCGACGAGATCATCGAGCAAATCTCCGAGTT CAGCAAGCGCGTGATCCTCGCCGACGCGAACCTGGATAAGGTCCTCTCCGCCTA CAACAAGCACCGGGACAAGCCCATCAGAGAGCAAGCGGAGAACATCATCCATCT CTTCACCCTGACGAACCTCGGCGCTCCTGCTGCTTTCAAGTACTTCGACACCACG ATCGATCGGAAGAGATACACCTCCACGAAGGAGGTCCTGGACGCGACCCTCATC CACCAGTCGATCACCGGCCTGTACGAGACGAGGATCGACCTCTCACAACTCGGC GGGGATAAGAGACCCGCAGCAACCAAGAAGGCAGGGCAAGCAAAGAAGAAGAAG TGA 3′ SEQ ID NO: 169: Cys 4 endoribonuclease nucleic acid sequence 5′ATGGACCACTACCTCGACATCAGGCTCAGGCCAGACCCAGAGTTCCCACCAGC CCAGCTCATGTCCGTCCTCTTCGGCAAGCTCCACCAGGCCCTCGTGGCCCAGGG CGGCGACAGGATCGGCGTGTCCTTCCCAGACCTCGACGAGTCCAGGTCCAGGCT CGGCGAGAGGCTCCGCATCCACGCCTCCGCCGACGACCTCAGGGCCCTCCTCG CCAGGCCGTGGCTGGAGGGCCTCAGGGACCACCTCCAGTTCGGCGAGCCAGCC GTGGTGCCACACCCAACCCCATACAGGCAAGTGTCCAGGGTGCAAGCCAAGTCC AACCCAGAGAGGCTCAGGAGGAGGCTCATGAGGAGGCACGACCTCTCCGAGGAA GAGGCCAGGAAGCGCATCCCAGACACCGTGGCCAGGGCCCTCGACCTCCCATTC GTGACCCTCAGGTCCCAGTCCACCGGCCAGCACTTCCGCCTCTTCATCAGGCAC GGCCCACTCCAGGTGACCGCCGAGGAGGGCGGCTTTACCTGCTACGGCCTCTCC AAGGGCGGCTTCGTGCCGTGGTTC 3′

TABLE I Primers used for sdRNA constructs Name Forward primer Reverse primer 1 Aacggcggtggggaaggagggttttagagctag Cctcctcccccaccgccgctcggcagccaagcca aaat (SEQ ID NO: 170) gca (SEQ ID NO: 171) 2 Gggaggaggagggggggggggttttagagcta Cccccccccctcctcctccccggcagccaagcca gaaat (SEQ ID NO: 172) gca (SEQ ID NO: 173) 3 Ggggggaggaggaggggggggttttagagcta Ccccccctcctcctcccccccggcagccaagcca gaaat (SEQ ID NO: 174) gca (SEQ ID NO: 175) 4 Tcgaggggggaggaggaggggttttagagctag Ccctcctcctcccccctcgacggcagccaagcca aaat (SEQ ID NO: 176) gca (SEQ ID NO: 177) 5 Gtcgtcgaggggggaggagggttttagagctag Cctcctcccccctcgacgaccggcagccaagcca aaat (SEQ ID NO: 178) gca (SEQ ID NO: 179) 6 Ggcagccgcggcccccgagcgttttagagctag Gctcgggggccgcggctgcccggcagccaagcc aaat (SEQ ID NO: 180) agca (SEQ ID NO: 181) 7 Tcccggaggaggcggtgatggttttagagctaga Catcaccgcctcctccgggacggcagccaagcca aat (SEQ ID NO: 182) gca (SEQ ID NO: 183) 8 Cgcccggaagcgcaaggcgggttttagagctag Ccgccttgcgcttccgggcgcggcagccaagcca aaat (SEQ ID NO: 184) gca (SEQ ID NO: 185) 9 Gaagagaagaacacgcaccggttttagagctag Cggtgcgtgttcttctcttccggcagccaagcca aaat (SEQ ID NO: 186) gca (SEQ ID NO: 187) 10 cccttacggcctccactctggttttagagctaga Cagagtggaggccgtaagggcggcagccaagc aat (SEQ ID NO: 188) cagca (SEQ ID NO: 189) 11 Cactttctccttatgacacggttttagagctag Cgtgtcataaggagaaagtgcggcagccaagcc aaat (SEQ ID NO: 190) agca (SEQ ID NO: 191) 12 Tatataagctcgtcagaatggttttagagctag Cattctgacgagcttatatacggcagccaagccag aaat (SEQ ID NO: 192) ca (SEQ ID NO: 193) 13 Cgagaagcactggatctgatgttttagagctaga Atcagatccagtgcttctcgcggcagccaagccag aat (SEQ ID NO: 194) ca (SEQ ID NO: 195) 14 Gagaggaggaagtagagcgcgttttagagctag Gcgctctacttcctcctctccggcagccaagcca aaat (SEQ ID NO: 196) gca (SEQ ID NO: 197) 15 Taaacccaaaccacaaatcagttttagagctaga Tgatttgtggtttgggtttacggcagccaagcca aat (SEQ ID NO: 198) gca (SEQ ID NO: 199) 16 Atgtacccattcctcctcgagttttagagctag Tcgaggaggaatgggtacatcggcagccaagcc aaat (SEQ ID NO: 200) agca (SEQ ID NO: 201) 17 Aacgtacatcgcgtcgcagcgttttagagctaga Gctgcgacgcgatgtacgttcggcagccaagcca aat (SEQ ID NO: 202) gca (SEQ ID NO: 203) 18 Actatcttactacttgtgcagttttagagctag Tgcacaagtagtaagatagtcggcagccaagcca aaat (SEQ ID NO: 204) gca (SEQ ID NO: 205) 19 Tcggaagaataattacaaccgttttagagctaga Ggttgtaattattcttccgacggcagccaagcca aat (SEQ ID NO: 206) gca (SEQ ID NO: 207) 20 Gtaggcagcaacctcaaactgttttagagctaga Agtttgaggttgctgcctaccggcagccaagccag aat (SEQ ID NO: 208) ca (SEQ ID NO: 209)

RNAi nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 210 TCTGGTGAAATCCAAAGGAGGGCCGAGTTCTTCGAACCATTCATCT CTGGCTTGACAAATTCGACTGTGGTTCAGTTCTGCAAGGCTTCCGT GGAGCCGATGGGCGAGGAAAGTGACCATGTCCACATAATTGCCCTA TCAGATGCGTTGGGTGTGCCAATCCGTGTGATGTACCTAGACAGAA GCTCATGTGATGCTGGAAATATAAGTGTGAACCACCATGATTTCAG CCCTGAGGCCAATTCATCGGACGGTGCTGCTGCTGCTGAGAAACCT TACATTACTTTGCTCTACCGTCCTGGTCACTACG

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The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of increasing grain yield in a plant, the method comprising reducing or abolishing the expression of at least one nucleic acid encoding a otubain-like protease (OTUB1) and/or reducing or abolishing the activity of OTUB1, wherein the method comprises introducing at least one mutation into at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding a OTUB1 polypeptide and/or the promoter of the OTUB1 polypeptide, wherein the at least one mutation reduces or abolishes the expression or activity of OTUB1 compared to a control plant; or wherein the mutation is a loss of function mutation; or wherein the method comprises using RNA interference to reduce or abolish the expression of a least one OTUB1 nucleic acid; wherein the OTUB1 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence with SEQ ID NO: 1 or a functional variant or homologue thereof, wherein the homologue comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 14 to 20, and the functional variant has at least 90% overall sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and 14 to 20; and wherein the nucleic acid encoding an OTUB1 promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 6 or a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21, 22 and 24 to 27; and wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, barley, soybean and brassica.
 2. A genetically altered [grain] plant, part thereof or [grain] plant cell, wherein said [grain] plant, part thereof or [grain] plant cell comprises at least one mutation in at least one nucleic acid encoding an OTUB1 polypeptide and/or the OTUB1 promoter, wherein the at least one mutation reduces or abolishes the expression or activity of OTUB1 compared to a control plant; or wherein the mutation is a loss of function mutation; or wherein the plant comprises an RNA interference construct that reduces or abolishes the expression of an OTUB1 polypeptide; wherein the OTUB1 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence with SEQ ID NO: 1 or a functional variant or homologue thereof, wherein the homologue comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 14 to 20, and the functional variant has at least 90% overall sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and 14 to 20; and wherein the nucleic acid encoding an OTUB1 promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 6 or [a functional variant or homologue thereof, wherein the homologue comprises] a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21, 22 and 24 to 27; [and the functional variant has at least 90% overall sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 6, 21, 22 and 24 to 27] and wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, barley, soybean and brassica.
 3. The plant part of claim 2, wherein said plant part is grain or a seed.
 4. A method of producing a [grain] plant with increased grain yield, the method comprising introducing at least one mutation into at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding an OTUB1 polypeptide and/or the promoter of the OTUB1 polypeptide wherein the at least one mutation reduces or abolishes the expression or activity of OTUB1 compared to a control plant; or wherein the mutation is a loss of function mutation; or wherein the method comprises introducing and expressing in said plant an RNA interference construct that reduces or abolishes the expression of an OTUB1 nucleic acid; wherein the OTUB1 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence with SEQ ID NO: 1 or a functional variant or homologue thereof, wherein the homologue comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 14 to 20, and the functional variant has at least 90% overall sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and 14 to 20; and wherein the nucleic acid encoding an OTUB1 promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 6 or [a functional variant or homologue thereof, wherein the homologue comprises] a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21, 22 and 24 to 27 [and the functional variant has at least 90% overall sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from of SEQ ID NO: 6, 21, 22 and 24 to 27]; and wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, barley, soybean and brassica.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the method further comprises measuring a reduction in the expression of the OTUB1 nucleic acid and/or measuring a reduction in deubiquitinase activity of the OTUB1 polypeptide.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the method further comprises regenerating a plant and screening for an increase in grain yield.
 7. A plant, plant part or plant cell obtained or obtainable by the method of claim
 4. 8. A method for identifying and/or selecting a plant that will have increased grain yield, compared to a control plant, the method comprising detecting in the plant or plant germplasm at least one polymorphism in the OTUB1 gene and/or OTUB1 promoter and selecting said plant or progeny thereof; and wherein the polymorphism reduces or abolishes the expression or activity of OTUB1 compared to a control plant; or wherein the polymorphism is a loss of function mutation, wherein the OTUB1 gene encodes an OTUB1 polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a functional variant or homologue thereof, wherein the homologue comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 14 to 20, and the functional variant has at least 90% overall sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and 14 to 20; and wherein the nucleic acid encoding an OTUB1 promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 6 or a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21, 22 and 24 to 27; and wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, barley, soybean and brassica.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises introgressing the chromosomal region comprising the at least one polymorphism in the OTUB1 gene and/or OTUB1 promoter into a second plant or plant germplasm to produce an introgressed plant or plant germplasm.
 10. The genetically altered plant of claim 2, wherein the genetically altered plant, part thereof of plant cell further carries or expresses a nucleic acid sequence encoding a DEP-1 polypeptide, wherein the DEP-1 polypeptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 157 or 159 or a functional variant or homologue thereof, wherein the functional variant has at least 90% overall sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 157 or
 159. 11. The genetically altered grain plant of claim 2, wherein the at least one mutation reduces the deubiquitinase activity of OTUB1 compared to a control plant.
 12. The method of claim 4, wherein the method reduces the deubiquitinase activity of OTUB1 compared to a control plant. 